【每日阅读训练第四期——速度越障3系列】【3-15】文史哲

Threesu

YEAH~今天搞定最后一门，暗无天日的final终于结束了，明天回归小分队。。。晚上有聚会，所以现在先早发了~
祝大家无论是FINAl还是考G都要给力哇~~FIGHTING!FIGHTING！


速读
Post-War Prosperity Brings Babies, Suburban Living
By David Jarmul
计时1
STEVE EMBER: Welcome to THE MAKING OF A NATION – American history in VOA Special English. I'm Steve Ember


World War Two finally ended in August of nineteen forty-five. Life in the United States began to return to normal. Soldiers began to come home and find jobs. Factories stopped producing war materials and began to produce goods for peacetime.


At the same time, other changes began to take place in society. Many Americans were no longer satisfied with their old ways of life. They wanted something new and better. And many were now earning enough money to find that better life.


Millions of Americans moved out of cities and small towns. They bought newly built homes in suburban communities outside busy cities. Today, we look at the growth of suburbs and other changes in the American population in the years after World War Two.


WIFE: "And we'll have the living room right in here, and the kitchen right here so we can see the children playing in the yard."


HUSBAND: "Yeah, the children ... Children? Say, how many are you planning on? Not more than six, I hope. Maybe I better add a few more rooms back here."


A married couple in a marketing film for the home building industry.


The United States counts its population every ten years. The first census took place in seventeen ninety. At that time, the country had about four million people. One hundred years later, in eighteen ninety, the population was sixty-three million.
【248】
计时2
By nineteen fifty, there were more than one hundred fifty million people living in the United States.


In the early years of America, the average mother had eight to ten children. Living conditions were hard. Many children died at an early age. Families needed a lot of help on the farm. So it was good to have many children.


But over the years birth rates fell. Families began to have fewer and fewer children. By nineteen hundred, the average woman had only three or four children. In nineteen thirty-six, during the Great Depression, the average American mother gave birth to only two children.


Things changed after World War Two.


Suddenly, it seemed like every family started having babies. Parents were hopeful about the future.


There were lots of jobs. People felt the need for a family and security after the long, difficult years of the war. From nineteen fifty to nineteen sixty, the number of children between the ages of five and fourteen increased by more than ten million.


The increase in births after the war produced what became known as the baby boom generation. An estimated seventy-eight million Americans were born between nineteen forty-six and nineteen sixty-four.


Many of the new parents moved to homes in the new suburbs built outside the urban environment of cities.


Usually a developer would buy land, maybe from a farmer, then clear it, level it and build houses on it. Young families would buy the houses with money that they borrowed from local banks.
【251】
计时3
Life was different in the suburbs – calmer, less crowded than life in the big city. There were all sorts of group activities. There were Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts. Parent-Teacher Associations at school. Outdoor cooking where families gathered in someone's backyard to eat hamburgers hot off the grill.


Historian William Manchester described life in the suburbs in this way: The new suburbs were free, open, and honestly friendly to anyone except black people, whose time had not yet come.


Manchester wrote, Families moving in found that their new friends were happy to help them get started. Children in the suburbs exchanged toys and clothing almost as though they were group property. When little Bobby outgrew his clothes, his mother gave them to little Billy across the street.


People felt safe enough to leave their doors unlocked.


Parents did everything they could to make life good for their children. Between nineteen fifty and nineteen sixty, the number of boys playing on Little League baseball teams increased from less than one million to almost six million. The number of Girl Scouts increased by two million. Bicycle sales doubled.


And it wasn't just two-wheeled transportation that experienced a boost.


US new car production was stopped during World War Two, to allow those factories to produce airplanes, tanks, and other military vehicles for the war effort.


With the prosperity of peacetime, many Americans visited auto dealerships for the first time in years, to replace that tired family car with something more up to date -- even luxurious.
【253】
计时4
For many years, popular singer Dinah Shore invited optimistic post-war Americans to take to the highway and see their country in a Chevrolet.


Post war prosperity also led Americans to replace outdated home appliances, buy a new refrigerator, or a television set.


ANNOUNCER: "Come closer, sweetheart. Say, I don't think that's fair, because we can't get closer."


BETTY FURNESS: "Oh, but you could, if you had one of the new Westinghouse television sets with the exclusive Electronic Magnifier that gives you a big close-up image whenever you want it. All you do is turn the Electronic Magnifier knob, and there -- you get the heart of the picture. And see? I'm close enough to say, ‘Hello, good looking!'"


Actress Betty Furness was commercial spokeswoman for Westinghouse.


RONALD REAGAN: "And every Sunday night, General Electric brings you the finest motion picture stars on TV -- the great names in comedy ... mystery ... romance. Every week, a star, all summer long, on the General Electric Theater."


STEVE EMBER: Over at competitor General Electric, actor Ronald Reagan -- later the fortieth president of the United States -- and often referred to as the Great Communicator, was for many years an effective television commercial spokesman every week on the GE Theater.


Parents also tried to improve their children's education. In nineteen sixty, parents bought almost three times as many educational books as they did ten years before.


Parents also bought millions of dollars' worth of pianos, violins and other musical instruments for their children.


It was true that the average number of children per family was increasing. But the total population of the United States did not increase as much during this period as one might have expected.
【285】
计时5
The reason for this was that fewer immigrants were coming to the United States. In fact, the number of immigrants had been dropping for many years. In nineteen ten, eleven immigrants were coming to America for every thousand Americans already living here. By nineteen fifty, less than two immigrants were coming for every thousand Americans.


Where immigrants were coming from also changed. In the past, most came from northern and western Europe. But now, growing numbers of people came to the United States from southern and eastern Europe and from Latin America and Asia.


Other changes in the United States population were also taking place. In the nineteen fifties, most Americans still lived in the eastern, central and southern parts of the country. But growing numbers moved west. The population of the western states increased by almost forty percent during the nineteen fifties.


Remember we said the United States population gets counted every ten years? One reason is because populations are used to decide how many members each state will have in the House of Representatives. Population changes can mean changes in the political influence of individual states in Congress.


Another population change after World War Two was in life expectancy. An American born in the early nineteen hundreds could only expect to live about forty-seven years. By the nineteen fifties, however, most Americans could expect to live well past their sixtieth birthday.


Life expectancy continued to increase with improvements in living conditions and medical care.


The United States was a changing country, a nation on the move after World War Two. Next week on our program, we look at political events that shaped the post-war period.
【277】


越障


The Undead Constitution




In what might be regarded as his standard “stump” speech, Justice Scalia has repeatedly championed what he calls the “dead Constitution.” The bon mot was and remains a good laugh line, but it has become increasingly inappropriate over the course of the quarter century during which Justice Scalia has been delivering it. When he was appointed to the Supreme Court in 1986, dead constitutionalism, that is to say, originalism, was still a mostly insurgent position within constitutional theory. Since then, and in no small part thanks to Justice Scalia’s own influence, originalism has become a leading approach to constitutional interpretation.


Meanwhile, originalism’s supposed archenemy, the living Constitution, has never been much more than a placeholder. As Professor David Strauss observes, “the critics of the idea of a living constitution,” that is to say, originalists, “have pressed their arguments so forcefully that, among people who write about constitutional law, the term ‘living constitution’ is hardly ever used, except derisively.”


Enter Strauss and another distinguished constitutional scholar, Professor Jack Balkin, to revive and redeem the living Constitution — to convert it from a term of derision into a proud banner, much in the way that the LGBTQ rights movement successfully appropriated the term “queer” from the bigots who meant it as an insult. In their respective books, Strauss and Balkin argue that the living Constitution, not the dead one, validates what is best in our constitutional tradition.


Strauss and Balkin address somewhat different audiences. Both Strauss and Balkin write lucid prose that should be comprehensible and enlightening to an interested layperson, but Strauss will likely reach a wider audience, whereas Balkin will likely have more influence within the academy. Strauss’s short book contains no citations and speaks to the general public. Balkin’s much longer book is deliberately more scholarly.


Despite uniting under the banner of the living Constitution, Strauss and Balkin offer different theories of what the living Constitution is and why the People should give it their allegiance. Strauss offers a descriptive account of constitutional law in which the Supreme Court uses the common law method to interpret and adapt the Constitution to changing times. He also thinks, as a normative matter, that the common law method itself confers legitimacy on the Court’s decisions. By contrast, Balkin places greater emphasis on popular movements. He argues that the Constitution’s legitimacy derives from a historical process of continual popular commitment to see in the Constitution the possibility of redeeming the document’s own promises of a more just society.


In embracing the originalist label, Balkin aims to accomplish a kind of intellectual jujitsu, turning a theory that was engineered largely by political conservatives toward liberal ends. If originalism can validate a constitutional right to abortion, as Balkin’s version of originalism does, then liberals need not fear originalism, and conservatives who seek to undermine the legacy of the Warren and Burger Courts must go back to the drawing board.


Despite its pretensions of objectivity and determinacy, the real strength of conventional originalism was always the way in which it seemingly derived its theory of interpretation from a straightforward and intuitively appealing theory of legitimacy: because acts of constitutional lawmaking were needed to make the Constitution into law, its words should be interpreted in accordance with the meanings those words had when they became law.


Popular acceptance can make the Constitution a useful focal point for settling otherwise fractious questions; it can provide what Strauss calls “common ground.” Yet the focal-point account of the Constitution does not fully capture the role the Constitution plays in American life. Balkin offers a bridge between the brute fact of popular acceptance, to which Hart’s theory and Strauss’s focal-point view would direct us, and a vision of “constitutional patriotism” that better fits Americans’ long-term attitudes toward our Constitution.


What would a truly living Constitution look like? This Review does not offer an affirmative theory in detail, but it gestures toward a synthesis of Strauss’s and Balkin’s visions. As Balkin argues, social and political movements build the meaning of the Constitution over time, but contrary to Balkin’s claims, they pay barely any attention to constitutional text, much less to original meaning. The views of these movements necessarily influence judges and Justices who are drawn from the larger society and appointed through a political process, but because they are judges, they use legal tools — especially the common law method emphasized by Strauss — to sort among those social and political changes that can be reconciled with the constitutional text and those that cannot.


In the end, the democratic legitimacy of judicial review comes from nothing grander than the fact that what the People more or less willingly accept when they accept the Constitution’s legitimacy is an ongoing legal tradition that includes judicial review. The result is the highly imperfect system with which we are familiar. It is unrealistic to expect anything better. Even a living Constitution will not be a perfect one.
【818】

zhaobingd

hehe
2.01
1.34
2.10
2.14
1.53
7.21

Olina加油

占前排

0‘53
0’58
0‘52
1’04
0‘58
4’17

暮已央

占位占位！！
计时：
1:24
美国二战后百废待兴，人们想要更好的生活，人口数量在上升；
1:16
几个世纪以来，人们从最开始的生8~10个孩子（夭折的多，生活艰难），然后3~4个孩子，还有一度1~2个孩子，
二战后一切有了改变，
人们开始多生孩子，孩童数急剧增加；
1:20
住在郊区的人们有了更开放自由的环境，人们很满意他们的生活，可以夜不闭户，
同时也对孩子越来越照顾，让他们参加各种活动，买自行车，
也添置了许多家用，汽车消费上升，甚至开始了奢侈品消费；
1:27
人们开始买电视冰箱，看演出，有名的演员以及总统的，
大人更关注孩子的教育，也会给孩子买乐器之类的，
尽管儿童平均数量上升，但是总人口没有像预计的那样增长；
1:15
分析了几个人口总数是这样子的原因：
移民的减少，移民地区的改变；
西部大开发；
十年一次的人口普查与国会有关；
人们的平均寿命增长；
美国是个不断改变着的国家。
6:04
美国人的宪法从创立到现在随着时间在不断适应着；
全文主要讲了两个人S&B的观点对比，S和B有许多观点相近，也有很多不同；
现在的living constitution呢，是把S和B两个人的观点都涉及到一部分，
现在的宪法传统含义已经弱化，大部分是与普通法律相适应的意义。
当然，没有一个制度是完美的，即使是这个一直使用的美国宪法。

猫咪团团

1:08
2:00
1:19
1:29
1:48
很喜欢今天速度的内容哇

越障3:57
555555555，讨厌文史哲，每次都被各种虐

泡椒凤爪123

1‘39   战后米国，人们休养生息，更多的人愿意搬到城乡接壤处挣大钱。米国政府十年一次统计人口，第一次40million，第二次 63million

1’20  刚开始每家有很多的孩纸，后来出生率降下来了，有了更多的工作，年轻人最后可以通过问当地银行借钱买房
1‘30 生活在城郊跟闹市有很大的不同：宁静，祥和，幼有所养，后面怎么说来着忘了。。。总之跟桃花源记里面说的差不多。。。生产小汽车的工厂都开始生产坦克灰机了。。。
1’00 人们又陆续买了冰箱之类的东西，家庭主妇们很注重孩子的培养，买书，钢琴之类的，这个时期孩子数目的平均数有所增，但总数并没怎么变
1‘30 造成这些变化的原因2个：1 移民的原因（相比以前，较少）
2 移民多样化，西迁
人口变化的影响1从政各个州分布不同 2，死亡年龄推后
总结，米国自二战后不断的变化着

啊！！！马上断网。。。。先发这点吧。。。。今天好歹能赶在断网之前回复下了。。。。自己撒个花。。。。。

树姑娘

1'30
Introduce the growth of suburbs and other changes after the WWII. The people want a better life after the war.
1'40
People had more children after the WWII. Birth rates raised and fell：8-10(baby boom generation)--3-4--2（Great Depression）
1'43
The suburb life is different from the urbanopen, free, friendly to anyone except Black. People are positive about the future. Production of goods increased.
1'46
Families bought furniture and appliances, and paid attention to the education of their children. The total number didn't increase as expected.
1'44
The immigration number decrease but came from different areas. The life expectancy became longer.
7'20（我是看了两遍的 ）
Two scholars's opinion towards the Living Constitution.
Differences
--audience（S-larger，B-academic）
--B emphasis on the popular movement
--engineered by XX to XX.
What does a living Constitution look like? (S’s opnion；B‘s opnion）
In the end，the living Constitution is not a perfect one.

spencerX

00:52
01:04
01:08
01:06
01:04

05:04
今天的越障好难...大致讲的是对于宪法的解释问题...

jiline

1'121'21
1'22
1'33
1'18
越障：
有点看得云里雾里的，不过结尾那段看懂了
4‘32
Originalism was a mostly insurgent position within constitutional theory, but become a leading approach by Justic Scalia's influence.
Strauss and Balkin revive and redeem the living Constitution. But Strauss will likely reach a wider audience, whereas Balkin will likely have more influence within the acacdemy. They offer different theories of the living constitution.
Constitution pay barely any attention to constitutional text, much less to original meaning.
The result, no perfect live constitution

铁板神猴

谢谢Threesu, start reading now ^^
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