A2

nobody1112

In this argument, the arguer asserts thatbirth order exerts a significant impact on an individual's level ofstimulation. To support it, the arguer cites these facts: firstborn infantmonkey produce more hormone cortisol than its younger siblings in stimulatingsituation; similar situation happens to human infants. Besides the arguer alsopoints out that first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol thandid those who had had several offspring. The argument though seems plausible atthe first glance, close scrutiny reveals thatthere exist other alternatives accounting for the facts cited in the argument,which renders the assertion unconvincing as it stands.

Firstly, according to the argument,firstborn infant monkeys have higher level of cortisol(C) than its youngersisters or brothers when encounter with an unfamiliar monkey, so does the humankids when they meet parents again who once are absence. Based on the facts, thearguer assumes that the the level of C has intimate relationship with birthorder. However, the argument fails to provide compelling evidence to supportthis conclusion. It is entirely possible that the level of C has something todo with the age other than birth order. Obviously, the firstborn monkey babiesare older, so they produce more C. Maybe as the younger monkeys grow, theamount of C they produce in stimulating situations increase. Without offerdetailed evidence to rule out such explanation, the arguer cannot make sound conclusion that birth order has influence on anindividual's levels of stimulation.

Secondly, the mere fact that mother monkeysduring their first pregnancy produce more C compared to those who had had a fewchildren is not sufficient to show the relationship between birth order and thelevels of stimulation. Another explanation consistent with such a fact is thatthe higher level of C is due to the higher extent to which these monkey mothersare anxious. It is possible that like human beings, mother monkeys would fearof first pregnancy because they have no experience, which leads to theincreased producing of C. So it is not the birth order but the mental conditionof these mother monkeys that relate to the level of C. And the level of C wouldvary from different individuals. For example, for some mother monkeys, theymight still feel worry even though they had had several offspring, and theystill have pretty higher levels of C. To precludethis explanation, the arguer must conduct more comprehensive experiment orprovide more accurate information to support his assertion.

In sum, the facts presented in the argumentlend no credible support to the conclusion that birth order has significantinfluence on individual's levels of stimulation. To bolster this argument, theauthor must provide additional evidence to rule out the alternativeexplanations mentioned above. Otherwise, it is hard for me accept what isexpounded by the arguer.


这篇真心不好写,像在说歪理... explanation就想到了这两个,还有其他的么??

普渡哥

还有动物的实验不应该直接导致关于人类的结论。饮食结构也不一样。