【每日逻辑练习第二季】【2-20】

xiongyz

补交11.11作业~~


1.    35s
Paradox: Provinces and states with stringent car safety requirements, including required use of seat belts and annual safety inspections, have on average higher rates of accidents per kilometer driven than do provinces and states with less stringent requirements.
Assert: Nevertheless, most highway safety experts agree that more stringent requirements do reduce accident rates.
Reconcile: …想不出…严格的地方发生的accident没有不严格的地方发生的严重，每个accident的伤亡人员少
(A) Annual safety inspections ensure that car tires are replaced before they grow old. ---out of scope
(B) Drivers often become overconfident after their cars have passed a thorough safety inspection. ---无关
(C) The roads in provinces and states with stringent car safety programs are far more congested and therefore dangerous than in other provinces and states. ---解释higher rates的原因，但是不能说明reduce rates
(D) Psychological studies show that drivers who regularly wear seat belts often come to think of themselves as serious drivers, which for a few people discourages reckless driving. ---correct, 说明了stringent requirement的好处
(E) Provinces and states with stringent car safety requirements have, on average, many more kilometers of roads then do other provinces and states. ---无关
正确答案：C 道路拥堵可以解释严格要求的必要性，也解释了事故发生率高的原因。。。D只说明expert是对的，不能解释high rates..没有涉及两面…

2.    45s
P: Goronia's Cheese Importation Board, the agency responsible for inspecting all wholesale shipments of cheese entering Goronia from abroad and rejecting shipments that fail to meet specified standards, rejects about one percent of the cheese that it inspects.  Since the health consequences and associated costs of not rejecting that one percent would be negligible, whereas the cost of maintaining the agency is not,
C: the agency's cost clearly outweighs the benefits it provides.
Evaluate: 没有这个机构进口的cheese质量会不会保持现状，或者说是否是因为此机构的存在使得出口商将cheese质量保持在合格的水平
A. Are any of the types of cheeses that are imported into Goronia also produced in Goronia? ---无关
B. Has the Cheese Importation Board, over the last several years, reduced its operating costs by eliminating inefficiencies within the agency itself? ---无关
C. Does the possibility of having merchandise rejected by the Cheese Importation Board deter many cheese exporters from shipping substandard cheese to Goronia? ---correct, agency能够起到震慑的作用
D. Are there any exporters of cheese to Goronia whose merchandise is never rejected by the Cheese Importation Board?---无关
E. How is the cheese rejected by the Cheese Importation Board disposed of? ---无关

3.    36s
P: In the nation of Partoria, large trucks currently have a much higher rate of traffic accidents per mile driven than other vehicles do.  However, the very largest trucks—those with three trailers—had less than a third of the accident rate of single- and double-trailer trucks.  
C: Clearly, therefore, one way for Partoria to reduce the number of traffic accidents would be to require shippers to increase their use of triple-trailer trucks.
Weaken: 增加triple-trailer trucks会造成交通堵塞，增多交通事故发生的概率
A. Partorian trucking companies currently use triple-trailer trucks only for long trips using major highways, which is the safest kind of trip for large trucks. ---correct, 事故发生得少是因为走了路安全，而不是因为使用的trailer的数量，它因解释
B. No matter what changes Partoria makes in the regulation of trucking, it will have to keep some smaller roads off-limits to all large trucks. ---无关
C. Increased use of triple-trailer trucks would mean that large trucks would account for a smaller proportion of all miles driven on Partoria’s roads than they currently do. ---无关
D. In Partoria, the safety record of the trucking industry as a whole has improved slightly over the past ten years. ---无关
E. The volume of truck traffic on Partoria’s highways could be reduced by encouraging shippers to use rail transport whenever possible. ---无关

4.    36s
不知黑脸句子。。。

5.    33s
Kate: The recent decline in numbers of the Tennessee warbler, a North American songbird that migrates each fall to coffee plantations in South America, is due to the elimination of the dense tree cover that formerly was a feature of most South American coffee plantations.
Scott: The population of the spruce budworm, the warbler's favorite prey in North America, has been dropping.  This is a more likely explanation of the warbler's decline.
Weaken S: 还有其它prey, W不是只吃这一种worm
A. The numbers of the Baltimore oriole, a songbird that does not eat budworms but is as dependent on South American coffee plantations as is the Tennessee warbler, are declining. ---没有weaken S, 但是support K，maybe correct?
B. The spruce budworm population has dropped because of a disease that can infect budworms but not Tennessee warblers. ---无关
C. The drop in the population of the spruce budworm is expected to be only temporary. ---无关
D. Many Tennessee warblers have begun migrating in the fall to places other than traditional coffee plantations. ---无关
E. Although many North American songbirds have declined in numbers, no other species has experienced as great a decline as has the Tennessee warbler. ---无关

penguinsdz

11.11+【2-20】

1. Provinces and states with stringent car safety requirements, including required use of seat belts and annual safety inspections, have on average higher rates of accidents per kilometer driven than do provinces and states with less stringent requirements. Nevertheless, most highway safety experts agree that more stringent requirements do reduce accident rates.
Which one of the following, if true, most helps to reconcile the safety experts’ belief with the apparently contrary evidence described above?
(A) Annual safety inspections ensure that car tires are replaced before they grow old.
(B) Drivers often become overconfident after their cars have passed a thorough safety inspection.
(C) The roads in provinces and states with stringent car safety programs are far more congested and therefore dangerous than in other provinces and states.
(D) Psychological studies show that drivers who regularly wear seat belts often come to think of themselves as serious drivers, which for a few people discourages reckless driving.
(E) Provinces and states with stringent car safety requirements have, on average, many more
kilometers of roads then do other provinces and states.
Premise:
Provinces and states with stringent car safety requirements, including required use of seat belts and annual safety inspections, have on average higher rates of accidents per kilometer driven than do provinces and states with less stringent requirements.

Conclusion:
Nevertheless, most highway safety experts agree that more stringent requirements do reduce accident rates.

推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem)：

此provinces路况情况远远差于其他

选项分析：选C



2. Goronian lawmaker: Goronia's Cheese Importation Board, the agency responsible for inspecting all wholesale shipments of cheese entering Goronia from abroad and rejecting shipments that fail to meet specified standards, rejects about one percent of the cheese that it inspects. Since the health consequences and associated costs of not rejecting that one percent would be negligible, whereas the cost of maintaining the agency is not, the agency's cost clearly outweighs the benefits it provides.
Knowing the answer to which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the lawmaker's argument?
A. Are any of the types of cheeses that are imported into Goronia also produced in Goronia?
B. Has the Cheese Importation Board, over the last several years, reduced its operating costs by eliminating inefficiencies within the agency itself?
C. Does the possibility of having merchandise rejected by the Cheese Importation Board deter many cheese exporters from shipping substandard cheese to Goronia?
D. Are there any exporters of cheese to Goronia whose merchandise is never rejected by the Cheese Importation Board?
E. How is the cheese rejected by the Cheese Importation Board disposed of?

Background Information:
Goronia's Cheese Importation Board, the agency responsible for inspecting all wholesale shipments of cheese entering Goronia from abroad and rejecting shipments that fail to meet specified standards, rejects about one percent of the cheese that it inspects.

Premise:

Since the health consequences and associated costs of not rejecting that one percent would be negligible.

Conclusion:
The agency's cost clearly outweighs the benefits it provides.

选项分析：选C



3. In the nation of Partoria, large trucks currently have a much higher rate of traffic accidents per mile driven than other vehicles do. However, the very largest trucks—those with three trailers—had less than a third of the accident rate of single- and double-trailer trucks. Clearly, therefore, one way for Partoria to reduce the number of traffic accidents would be to require shippers to increase their use of triple-trailer trucks.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. Partorian trucking companies currently use triple-trailer trucks only for long trips using major highways, which is the safest kind of trip for large trucks.
B. No matter what changes Partoria makes in the regulation of trucking, it will have to keep some smaller roads off-limits to all large trucks.
C. Increased use of triple-trailer trucks would mean that large trucks would account for a smaller proportion of all miles driven on Partoria’s roads than they currently do.
D. In Partoria, the safety record of the trucking industry as a whole has improved slightly over the past ten years.
E. The volume of truck traffic on Partoria’s highways could be reduced by encouraging shippers to use rail transport whenever possible.

Background Information:
In the nation of Partoria, large trucks currently have a much higher rate of traffic accidents per mile driven than other vehicles do.

Premise:

However, the very largest trucks—those with three trailers—had less than a third of the accident rate of single- and double-trailer trucks.
Conclusion:
Clearly, therefore, one way for Partoria to reduce the number of traffic accidents would be to require shippers to increase their use of triple-trailer trucks.

推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem)：

Triple-trailer truck不一定安全，因为它只用于本身就是最安全的道路
选项分析：选A



4. Journalist: Every election year at this time the state government releases the financial disclosures that potential candidates must make in order to be eligible to run for office. Among those making the required financial disclosure this year is a prominent local businessman, Arnold Bergeron. There has often been talk in the past of Mr. Bergeron's running for governor, not least from Mr. Bergeron himself. This year it is likely he finally will, since those who have discounted the possibility of a Bergeron candidacy have always pointed to the necessity of making financial disclosure as the main obstacle to such a candidacy.
In the journalist's argument, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
A. The first provides information without which the argument lacks force; the second states the main conclusion of the argument.
B. The first provides information without which the argument lacks force; the second states an intermediate conclusion that is used to support a further conclusion.
C. The first describes a practice that the journalist seeks to defend; the second cites a likely consequence of this practice.
D. The first states evidence bearing against the main conclusion of the argument; the second states that conclusion.
E. Each provides evidence in support of an intermediate conclusion that supports a further conclusion stated in the argument.

Background Information:
Every election year at this time the state government releases the financial disclosures that potential candidates must make in order to be eligible to run for office.
Conclusion:

This year it is likely he finally will, since those who have discounted the possibility of a Bergeron candidacy have always pointed to the necessity of making financial disclosure as the main obstacle to such a candidacy.

选项分析：选A



5. Kate: The recent decline in numbers of the Tennessee warbler, a North American songbird that migrates each fall to coffee plantations in South America, is due to the elimination of the dense tree cover that formerly was a feature of most South American coffee plantations.
Scott: The population of the spruce budworm, the warbler's favorite prey in North America, has been dropping. This is a more likely explanation of the warbler's decline.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls Scott's hypothesis into question?
A. The numbers of the Baltimore oriole, a songbird that does not eat budworms but is as dependent on South American coffee plantations as is the Tennessee warbler, are declining.
B. The spruce budworm population has dropped because of a disease that can infect budworms but not Tennessee warblers.
C. The drop in the population of the spruce budworm is expected to be only temporary.
D. Many Tennessee warblers have begun migrating in the fall to places other than traditional coffee plantations.
E. Although many North American songbirds have declined in numbers, no other species has experienced as great a decline as has the Tennessee warbler.

Background Information:
The recent decline in numbers of the Tennessee warbler, a North American songbird that migrates each fall to coffee plantations in South America.

explanation 1:

due to the elimination of the dense tree cover that formerly was a feature of most South American coffee plantations

explanation 2:
The population of the spruce budworm, the warbler's favorite prey in North America, has been dropping.

Evaluation:

选项分析：选A

zxppx

1.

Provinces and states with stringent car safety
requirements, including required use of seat belts and
annual safety inspections, have on average higher
rates of accidents per kilometer driven than do
provinces and states with less stringent requirements.
Nevertheless, most highway safety experts agree that
more stringent requirements do reduce accident rates.
Which one of the following, if true, most helps to
reconcile the safety experts’ belief with the
apparently contrary evidence described above?
(A) Annual safety inspections ensure that car tires
are replaced before they grow old.

So accident rates should be lower with more stringent requirements than with less stringent requirements.
(B) Drivers often become overconfident after their
cars have passed a thorough safety
inspection.

So the second view should be doubtful.
(C) The roads in provinces and states with stringent
car safety programs are far more congested
and therefore dangerous than in other
provinces and states.

Yes, in this case, it points out another factor which can contribute the higher rates of accidents in provinces and states with stringent car safety programs.BA
(D) Psychological studies show that drivers who
regularly wear seat belts often come to think
of themselves as serious drivers, which for a
few people discourages reckless driving.

The first view should be questionable.
(E) Provinces and states with stringent car safety
requirements have, on average, many more
kilometers of roads then do other provinces
and states.

More kilometers do not make sure average higher rates of accidents per kilometer.



89. (31236-!-item-!-188;#058&005728)
Goronian lawmaker: Goronia's Cheese Importation Board, the agency responsible for inspecting all wholesale shipments of cheese entering Goronia from abroad and rejecting shipments that fail to meet specified standards, rejects about one percent of the cheese that it inspects. Since the health consequences and associated costs of not rejecting that one percent would be negligible, whereas the cost of maintaining the agency is not, the agency's cost clearly outweighs the benefits it provides.
Knowing the answer to which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the lawmaker's argument?
A. Are any of the types of cheeses that are imported into Goronia also produced in Goronia?

The argument does not talk about competence.
B. Has the Cheese Importation Board, over the last several years, reduced its operating costs by eliminating inefficiencies within the agency itself?

Reducing costs is not included in the argument.
C. Does the possibility of having merchandise rejected by the Cheese Importation Board deter many cheese exporters from shipping substandard cheese to Goronia?

Since the function of Importation Board is to reject shipments that fail to meet specified standards, if there is more substandard cheese shipped to Goronia, the conclusion should be questionable. BA
D. Are there any exporters of cheese to Goronia whose merchandise is never rejected by the Cheese Importation Board?

Since only 1% is rejected, the answer choice is irrelevant.
E. How is the cheese rejected by the Cheese Importation Board disposed of?

“How to dispose of the rejected cheese” is outside the scope of the argument.



90. (29250-!-item-!-188;#058&004038)
In the nation of Partoria, large trucks currently have a much higher rate of traffic accidents per mile driven than other vehicles do. However, the very largest trucks—those with three trailers—had less than a third of the accident rate of single- and double-trailer trucks. Clearly, therefore, one way for Partoria to reduce the number of traffic accidents would be to require shippers to increase their use of triple-trailer trucks.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. Partorian trucking companies currently use triple-trailer trucks only for long trips using major highways, which is the safest kind of trip for large trucks.

Since the triple-trailer trucks only are used on the safest trip, the conclusion should be highly questionable. BA
B. No matter what changes Partoria makes in the regulation of trucking, it will have to keep some smaller roads off-limits to all large trucks.

This may help reduce accidents related large trucks, but it has nothing to do with the transition.
C. Increased use of triple-trailer trucks would mean that large trucks would account for a smaller proportion of all miles driven on Partoria’s roads than they currently do.

Since those triple-trailer trucks can carry more cargos, the number of large trucks will be smaller, thus strengthening the argument.
D. In Partoria, the safety record of the trucking industry as a whole has improved slightly over the past ten years.

The safety record of the trucking industry is outside the scope of the argument.
E. The volume of truck traffic on Partoria’s highways could be reduced by encouraging shippers to use rail transport whenever possible.

Rail transport is irrelevant.



91. (26045-!-item-!-188;#058&001846)
Journalist: Every election year at this time the state government releases the financial disclosures that potential candidates must make in order to be eligible to run for office. Among those making the required financial disclosure this year is a prominent local businessman, Arnold Bergeron. There has often been talk in the past of Mr. Bergeron's running for governor, not least from Mr. Bergeron himself. This year it is likely he finally will, since those who have discounted the possibility of a Bergeron candidacy have always pointed to the necessity of making financial disclosure as the main obstacle to such a candidacy.
In the journalist's argument, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
A. The first provides information without which the argument lacks force; the second states the main conclusion of the argument.
B. The first provides information without which the argument lacks force; the second states an intermediate conclusion that is used to support a further conclusion.
C. The first describes a practice that the journalist seeks to defend; the second cites a likely consequence of this practice.
D. The first states evidence bearing against the main conclusion of the argument; the second states that conclusion.
E. Each provides evidence in support of an intermediate conclusion that supports a further conclusion stated in the argument.







92. (24787-!-item-!-188;#058&001210) (GWD-3-Q38)
Kate: The recent decline in numbers of the Tennessee warbler, a North American songbird that migrates each fall to coffee plantations in South America, is due to the elimination of the dense tree cover that formerly was a feature of most South American coffee plantations.
Scott: The population of the spruce budworm, the warbler's favorite prey in North America, has been dropping. This is a more likely explanation of the warbler's decline.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls Scott's hypothesis into question?
A. The numbers of the Baltimore oriole, a songbird that does not eat budworms but is as dependent on South American coffee plantations as is the Tennessee warbler, are declining.

This answer choice points out the elimination of coffee plantations in South American is the main cause for the decline in the population of Tennessee warbler, thus weakening Scott’s reasoning. BA
B. The spruce budworm population has dropped because of a disease that can infect budworms but not Tennessee warblers.

In fact, it strengthens Scott’s explanation.
C. The drop in the population of the spruce budworm is expected to be only temporary.

Even though the decrease is expected to be only temporary, it can still influence the songbirds’ population.
D. Many Tennessee warblers have begun migrating in the fall to places other than traditional coffee plantations.

Actually, it weakens Kate’s reasoning.
E. Although many North American songbirds have declined in numbers, no other species has experienced as great a decline as has the Tennessee warbler.

It cannot weaken Scott’s explanation.

angelann728

Bible 35’
逻辑链
(1) with stringent requirements – high car accident rate
(2) express way safety experts believe that stringent requirements can reduce the car accident rate.
猜测 explain the divergence
stringent requirements can reduce the car accident rate in express way, but increase the car accident rates in other roads
选择：C
猜测是不对 但最主要的方向一定是在stringent requirements上找其他限制 ABD跟stringent requirements 无关 肯定不对
E 有没有更多的路 无关 不是路多 车祸率就高


逻辑链
43’
Premise: rejecting rate can be negligible, but costs maintaining the broad can not.
Conclusion: cost outweighs the benefits
猜测 evaluate
maintaining the broad 对于low rejecting rate 有没有什么帮助 （很容易想到震慑作用）
选择：C

30’ 之前一道题的变体（难一些）
the accident rate of three wheels truck is much lower.
Conclusion, increase triple truck
选项：C
A 加强
B 无关
D 无关
E 无关

52’ 未知黑体
Premise: Every election year at this time the state government releases the financial disclosures that potential candidates must make in order to be eligible to run for office.  
Premise: Among those making the required financial disclosure this year is a prominent local businessman, Arnold Bergeron.
Premise: There has often been talk in the past of Mr. Bergeron's running for governor, not least from Mr. Bergeron himself.  
Conclusion: This year it is likely he finally will,
Premise: since those who have discounted the possibility of a Bergeron candidacy have always pointed to the necessity of making financial disclosure as the main obstacle to such a candidacy.

30’ A
这题做过太多遍了
两个思路 别的鸟以 spruce budworm为食的没少
别的鸟以dense tree cover为特征的少了

kid381

8/17/13
2-20
96 45’’
Country with stringent safety rules > higher rate of accident
On the other hand, experts say that stringent rules decrease the rate of accident
Explain the paradox: only in a country with high rate of accident do government has strict safety rules.
A irrelevant
B challenge the assumption, do not choose this answer.
C bingo, C points out that other factors contributes to the high rate of accident.
D irrelevant
E irrelevant, the question is about rates, not about the number of accidents.
97 45’’
A importation board is responsible for the safety of cheese entering into the country. About 1 percent of imports of cheese is rejected by the committee because of safety reasons. Some people assert that since the operation costs of agency surpass the negative effects of 1 percent unsafe cheese, it is uneconomic to remain the agency.
Evaluation: does the rate of unsafe cheese will rise after the committee is rescinded/ repealed (C)?
98 53’’
Generally, larger truck has larger accident rate. However, the biggest truck in country A, with the four trailers, has the highest accident rate. Consequently, some people suggest that the use of four trailer trucks should be increased.
Weaken: the experienced elder truck driver is the main reason why the four trailer truck is safe (A).
99 75’’
Boldface, IMO: A
100 44’’
Kate thinks that the Tennessee warbler, a North America bird and migrates to South America every fall, disappears because the density of tree decreases in South America.
While Scott thinks that it is not the density of tree, but the disappearance of budworm that really matters.
Weaken Scott: the bird has diversified prey list and it prefer other worms than spruce budworm (A).

灵药要奋斗

为甚每次的boldface题都没有黑体标注啊==好无语。。。

Elisha728

cca?a

can not see the bold face part

苏错

12.10
【精练】1’16
Provinces and states with stringent car safety requirements have on average higher rates of accidents per kilometer driven than do provinces and states with less stringent requirements.
But: most highway safety experts agree that more stringent requirements do reduce accident rates.
Resolve the Paradox Question
C. E 纠结….最后选了E
E Since the accident rate is calculated
as per-miles-driven, the actual number of miles of roadway is irrelevant.

【逻辑链】
1.        1’41 –C
CIB rejects about 1% Since negligible the cost of maintaining not = cost –benefits
2.        weaken—A
Premise: largest trucks with three trailers –less  than a third of the accident rate of single-and double-trailer trucks.
Conclusion: reduce the number of traffic accidents would be to require shippers to increase their use of triple-trailer trucks.
3.        boldface…..
4.        weaken Scott's hypothesis —A
the population of the spruce budworm, the warbler's favorite prey in North America, has been dropping.

cyndichiang

精炼： 2‘14’‘
premise: Provinces and states with stringent car safety requirements have on average higher
rates of accidents per kilometer driven than do provinces and states with less stringent requirements
premise: experts agree that more stringent requirements do reduce accident rates
Q:Explain discrepancy
prephrase: 解释题要同时说道双方，states with more stringent requirement have some other factors that can lead to more accidents
(A) Annual safety inspections ensure that car tires
are replaced before they grow old.-----irrelevant；specific regulation is no bearing on the point
(B) Drivers often become overconfident after their
cars have passed a thorough safety
inspection.----overconfidence leads to more accidents so the experts' conclusion is wrong-->refute the fact(premise),so this cannot be the answer
(C) The roads in provinces and states with stringent
car safety programs are far more congested
and therefore dangerous than in other
provinces and states.------correct;同时提到双方，并且提到了另一个因素more congested
(D) Psychological studies show that drivers who
regularly wear seat belts often come to think
of themselves as serious drivers, which for a
few people discourages reckless driving.------错选了，只提到了一方The answer confirms that the experts are correct, but it does not explain why these provinces have higher accident rates.选项理解错了我看成了因为人们认为自己是个serious drivers所以放松警惕更加reckless
(E) Provinces and states with stringent car safety
requirements have, on average, many more
kilometers of roads then do other provinces
and states.------irrelevant; we don' know longer driving road have which effects on the accidents
答案解释是：the accident rate is calculated as per-miles-driven, the actual number of miles of roadway is irrelevant；绝对数不能衡量相对数

cechymery

选C，对，没错，没诱惑项啊这次