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4. Vague laws set vague limits on people’s freedom,
which makes it impossible for them to know for
certain whether their actions are legal. Thus, under
vague laws people cannot feel secure.
The logic leap is that why people cannot feel secure, so the answer should solve the question. Besides, the answer should be relevant to the influence of vague laws. As we know, the first sentence is the influence of vague laws.
The conclusion follows logically if which one of the
following is assumed?
(A) People can feel secure only if they know for
certain whether their actions are legal.
This answer choice points out that the necessary condition of the result that people can feel secure. From the argument, we can know that the necessary is absent because of vague laws, so this answer choice strengthens the conclusion by showing that the vague laws make the necessary absent, and the result that people can feel secure cannot happen. BA
(B) If people do not know for certain whether their
actions are legal, then they might not feel
secure.
“Might not feel” cannot express as strong as the conclusion.
(C) If people know for certain whether their actions
are legal, they can feel secure.
This answer choice reveals that the former is the sufficient condition to the latter. However, the conclusion in the argument requires the necessary.
(D) People can feel secure if they are governed by
laws that are not vague.
Not require this.
(E) Only people who feel secure can know for
certain whether their actions are legal.
This answer choice makes the reverse relationship.
57.
Since the deregulation of airlines, delays at the nation's increasingly busy airports have increased by 25 percent. To combat this problem, more of the takeoff and landing slots at the busiest airports must be allocated to commercial airlines.
Which of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the effectiveness of the solution proposed above?
(A) The major causes of delays at the nation's busiest airports are bad weather and overtaxed air traffic control equipment.
It seems very tricky, and should be a contender. This answer choice points out another factor contributing to the delays. However, the plan may still be effective.
Since the major causes are not related to the increase in the takeoff and landing slots for commercial airlines, the proposal may not be effective.这是削弱题里面常见的“引入他因”
(B) Since airline deregulation began, the number of airplanes in operation has increased by 25 percent.
This is the result of airline deregulation, having no effect on the plan.
(C) Over 60 percent of the takeoff and landing slots at the nation's busiest airports are reserved for commercial airlines.
In this case, it reveals that even though there are so many slots for commercial airlines, the problem still occurs, thus weakening the conclusion. BA
But is over 60 percent high enough to solve the problem? We do not know!
(D) After a small midwestern airport doubled its allocation of takeoff and landing slots, the number of delays that were reported decreased by 50 percent.
Doubling allocation of of takeoff and landing slots is outside the scope of the argument.
(E) Since deregulation the average length of delay at the nation's busiest airports has doubled.
The result of deregulation is irrelevant.
58.
The proposal to hire ten new police officers in Middletown is quite foolish. There is sufficient funding to pay the salaries of the new officers, but not the salaries of additional court and prison employees to process the increased caseload of arrests and convictions that new officers usually generate.
Which of the following, if true, will most seriously weaken the conclusion drawn above?
(A) Studies have shown that an increase in a city's police force does not necessarily reduce crime.
Actually, it strengthens the argument by showing that an increase in a city’s police force does not necessarily reduce crime.
(B) When one major city increased its police force by 19 percent last year, there were 40 percent more arrests and 13 percent more convictions.
In fact, this answer choice strengthens the argument by showing that there will be more arrests and convictions that need new officers to solve.
(C) If funding for the new police officers' salaries is approved, support for other city services will have to be reduced during the next fiscal year.
Support for other city services is irrelevant.
(D) In most United States cities, not all arrests result in convictions, and not all convictions result in prison terms.
It seems to be contender. However, we are talking about Middletown, which may not be included in the most United Stated cities referred in the answer choice. Thus, this answer choice cannot necessarily weaken the argument.
(E) Middletown's ratio of police officers to citizens has reached a level at which an increase in the number of officers will have a deterrent effect on crime.
In this case, it points out an advantage of the increase in the number of officers, thus weakening the argument. BA
59.
Bank depositors in the United States are all financially protected against bank failure because the government insures all individuals' bank deposits. An economist argues that this insurance is partly responsible for the high rate of bank failures, since it removes from depositors any financial incentive to find out whether the bank that holds their money is secure against failure. If depositors were more selective, then banks would need to be secure in order to compete for depositors' money.
The logic chain of the argument is that government offers insurance for all individual’s bank deposits, as a result, then there is the higher rate of bank failures. So the insurance is the real cause. In order to weaken the argument, we need to prove that the insurance has nothing to do with the rate, or reduces the rate.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the economist's argument?
(A) Before the government started to insure depositors against bank failure, there was a lower rate of bank failure than there is now.
The answer choice, in fact, strengthens the argument by showing that before the cause is present, the effect is absent.
(B) When the government did not insure deposits, frequent bank failures occurred as a result of depositors' fears of losing money in bank failures.
In this case, the answer choice weakens the argument by showing that the insurance is potentially beneficial to reduce the rate. BA
(C) Surveys show that a significant proportion of depositors are aware that their deposits are insured by the government.
The answer cannot weaken or strengthen the argument.
(D) There is an upper limit on the amount of an individual's deposit that the government will insure, but very few individuals' deposits exceed this limit.
It reveals that most people are insured by the government. But it cannot weaken the argument.
(E) The security of a bank against failure depends on the percentage of its assets that are loaned out and also on how much risk its loans involve.
The factor determine the security of a bank cannot contribute to the argument.
60.
Large national budget deficits do not cause large trade deficits. If they did, countries with the largest budget deficits would also have the largest trade deficits. In fact, when deficit figures are adjusted so that different countries are reliably comparable to each other, there is no such correlation.
If the statements above are all true, which of the following can properly be inferred on the basis of them?
(A) Countries with large national budget deficits tend to restrict foreign trade.
Restricting foreign trade is outside the scope of the argument.
(B) Reliable comparisons of the deficit figures of one country with those of another are impossible.
“Are impossible” cannot be inferred from the argument.
(C) Reducing a country's national budget deficit will not necessarily result in a lowering of any trade deficit that country may have.
It seems to be a contender, but nothing about reducing a country’s national budget deficit has been provided.
The argument does not talk about reducing national budget deficit. However, since national budget deficits are not so closely related to trade deficits, we can make this inferring.
(D) When countries are ordered from largest to smallest in terms of population, the smallest countries generally have the smallest budget and trade deficits.
Population is irrelevant.
(E) Countries with the largest trade deficits never have similarly large national budget deficits.
It can be inferred from the argument, since the argument reveals that ”there is no such correlation”. BA
Please note that “similarly large” is not equal to “largest”. So “never” is wrong.
57.
Since the deregulation of airlines, delays at the nation's increasingly busy airports have increased by 25 percent. To combat this problem, more of the takeoff and landing slots at the busiest airports must be allocated to commercial airlines.
Which of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the effectiveness of the solution proposed above?
(A) The major causes of delays at the nation's busiest airports are bad weather and overtaxed air traffic control equipment.
It seems very tricky, and should be a contender. This answer choice points out another factor contributing to the delays. However, the plan may still be effective.
Since the major causes are not related to the increase in the takeoff and landing slots for commercial airlines, the proposal may not be effective.这是削弱题里面常见的“引入他因”
(B) Since airline deregulation began, the number of airplanes in operation has increased by 25 percent.
This is the result of airline deregulation, having no effect on the plan.
(C) Over 60 percent of the takeoff and landing slots at the nation's busiest airports are reserved for commercial airlines.
In this case, it reveals that even though there are so many slots for commercial airlines, the problem still occurs, thus weakening the conclusion. BA
But is over 60 percent high enough to solve the problem? We do not know!
(D) After a small midwestern airport doubled its allocation of takeoff and landing slots, the number of delays that were reported decreased by 50 percent.
Doubling allocation of of takeoff and landing slots is outside the scope of the argument.
(E) Since deregulation the average length of delay at the nation's busiest airports has doubled.
The result of deregulation is irrelevant.
58.
The proposal to hire ten new police officers in Middletown is quite foolish. There is sufficient funding to pay the salaries of the new officers, but not the salaries of additional court and prison employees to process the increased caseload of arrests and convictions that new officers usually generate.
Which of the following, if true, will most seriously weaken the conclusion drawn above?
(A) Studies have shown that an increase in a city's police force does not necessarily reduce crime.
Actually, it strengthens the argument by showing that an increase in a city’s police force does not necessarily reduce crime.
(B) When one major city increased its police force by 19 percent last year, there were 40 percent more arrests and 13 percent more convictions.
In fact, this answer choice strengthens the argument by showing that there will be more arrests and convictions that need new officers to solve.
(C) If funding for the new police officers' salaries is approved, support for other city services will have to be reduced during the next fiscal year.
Support for other city services is irrelevant.
(D) In most United States cities, not all arrests result in convictions, and not all convictions result in prison terms.
It seems to be contender. However, we are talking about Middletown, which may not be included in the most United Stated cities referred in the answer choice. Thus, this answer choice cannot necessarily weaken the argument.
(E) Middletown's ratio of police officers to citizens has reached a level at which an increase in the number of officers will have a deterrent effect on crime.
In this case, it points out an advantage of the increase in the number of officers, thus weakening the argument. BA
59.
Bank depositors in the United States are all financially protected against bank failure because the government insures all individuals' bank deposits. An economist argues that this insurance is partly responsible for the high rate of bank failures, since it removes from depositors any financial incentive to find out whether the bank that holds their money is secure against failure. If depositors were more selective, then banks would need to be secure in order to compete for depositors' money.
The logic chain of the argument is that government offers insurance for all individual’s bank deposits, as a result, then there is the higher rate of bank failures. So the insurance is the real cause. In order to weaken the argument, we need to prove that the insurance has nothing to do with the rate, or reduces the rate.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the economist's argument?
(A) Before the government started to insure depositors against bank failure, there was a lower rate of bank failure than there is now.
The answer choice, in fact, strengthens the argument by showing that before the cause is present, the effect is absent.
(B) When the government did not insure deposits, frequent bank failures occurred as a result of depositors' fears of losing money in bank failures.
In this case, the answer choice weakens the argument by showing that the insurance is potentially beneficial to reduce the rate. BA
(C) Surveys show that a significant proportion of depositors are aware that their deposits are insured by the government.
The answer cannot weaken or strengthen the argument.
(D) There is an upper limit on the amount of an individual's deposit that the government will insure, but very few individuals' deposits exceed this limit.
It reveals that most people are insured by the government. But it cannot weaken the argument.
(E) The security of a bank against failure depends on the percentage of its assets that are loaned out and also on how much risk its loans involve.
The factor determine the security of a bank cannot contribute to the argument.
60.
Large national budget deficits do not cause large trade deficits. If they did, countries with the largest budget deficits would also have the largest trade deficits. In fact, when deficit figures are adjusted so that different countries are reliably comparable to each other, there is no such correlation.
If the statements above are all true, which of the following can properly be inferred on the basis of them?
(A) Countries with large national budget deficits tend to restrict foreign trade.
Restricting foreign trade is outside the scope of the argument.
(B) Reliable comparisons of the deficit figures of one country with those of another are impossible.
“Are impossible” cannot be inferred from the argument.
(C) Reducing a country's national budget deficit will not necessarily result in a lowering of any trade deficit that country may have.
It seems to be a contender, but nothing about reducing a country’s national budget deficit has been provided.
The argument does not talk about reducing national budget deficit. However, since national budget deficits are not so closely related to trade deficits, we can make this inferring.
(D) When countries are ordered from largest to smallest in terms of population, the smallest countries generally have the smallest budget and trade deficits.
Population is irrelevant.
(E) Countries with the largest trade deficits never have similarly large national budget deficits.
It can be inferred from the argument, since the argument reveals that ”there is no such correlation”. BA
Please note that “similarly large” is not equal to “largest”. So “never” is wrong.
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发表于 2011-12-31 09:50:53
elays increased due to deregulation of arelines
arge national budget deficits do not cause large trade deficits. 