【每日逻辑练习第二季】【2-11】

irenetopia

【精练】
2. Marian Anderson, the famous contralto, did not take
success for granted. We know this because Anderson
had to struggle early in life, and anyone who has to
struggle early in life is able to keep a good
perspective on the world.
The conclusion of the argument follows logically if
which one of the following is assumed?
Logic：M not success for granted
M struggle early in life—— is able to keep a good perspective on the world
搭桥，把 keep a good perspective on the world 和 success for granted 连起来
(A) Anyone who succeeds takes success for
granted.
(B) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective
on the world does not take success for
granted.——bingo!
(C) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective
on the world has to struggle early in life.
(D) Anyone who does not take success for granted
has to struggle early in life.
(E) Anyone who does not take success for granted
is able to keep a good perspective on the
world.

【逻辑链】
49. (33279-!-item-!-188;#058&007564)
Start-up companies financed by venture capitalists have a much lower failure rate than companies financed by other means.  Source of financing, therefore, must be a more important causative factor in the success of a start-up company than are such factors as the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur, the quality of strategic planning, or the management structure of the company.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?

Logic：financed by VC, companies have lower failure rate
financing is more important than other factors
问削弱：就是缩短他说的than的比较之间的差距
也就是F没那么重要，或者说这个strategic planning 或者management structure 重要

(A) Venture capitalists tend to be more responsive than other sources of financing to changes in a start-up company's financial needs.——irrelevant
(B) The strategic planning of a start-up company is a less important factor in the long-term success of the company than are the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur.——support
(C) More than half of all new companies fail within five years.——irrelevant
(D) The management structures of start-up companies are generally less formal than the management structures of ongoing businesses.——irrelevant
(E) Venture capitalists base their decisions to fund start-up companies on such factors as the characteristics of the entrepreneur and quality of strategic planning of the company.——bingo!
50. (33327-!-item-!-188;#058&007566)
When people evade income taxes by not declaring taxable income, a vicious cycle results.  Tax evasion forces lawmakers to raise income tax rates, which causes the tax burden on nonevading taxpayers to become heavier.  This, in turn, encourages even more taxpayers to evade income taxes by hiding taxable income.
The vicious cycle described above could not result unless which of the following were true?
Logic：evade tax——decline income
Lawmakers raise tax on sb who not evade tax——more people evade tax
问假设：就是问这个情况会成立吗？也就是逃税——提高税率有没有相关性
只要说明有相关性就好了
(A) An increase in tax rates tends to function as an incentive for taxpayers to try to increase their pretax incomes.——irrelevant
(B) Some methods for detecting tax evaders, and thus recovering some tax revenue lost through evasion, bring in more than they cost, but their success rate varies from year to year.——irrelevant
(C) When lawmakers establish income tax rates in order to generate a certain level of revenue, they do not allow adequately for revenue that will be lost through evasion.——bingo！加强了相关性
(D) No one who routinely hides some taxable income can be induced by a lowering of tax rates to stop hiding such income unless fines for evaders are raised at the same time——irrelevant
(E) Taxpayers do not differ from each other with respect to the rate of taxation that will cause them to evade taxes.——weaken
51. (33375-!-item-!-188;#058&007573)
Because postage rates are rising, Home Decorator magazine plans to maximize its profits by reducing by one half the number of issues it publishes each year.  The quality of articles, the number of articles published per year, and the subscription price will not change.  Market research shows that neither subscribers nor advertisers will be lost if the magazine's plan is instituted.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest evidence that the magazine's profits are likely to decline if the plan is instituted?
Logic：HD为了盈利所以砍了一般发行量
但是订购价格不变，但是市场研究认为，这样他会失去它的订购者或者广告商
问加强：就找和订购者或广告商相关的
比如订购的人是不是不买了
广告商做的广告少了之类的
(A) With the new postage rates, a typical issue under the proposed plan would cost about one-third more to mail than a typical current issue would.——irrelevant
(B) The majority of the magazine's subscribers are less concerned about a possible reduction in the quantity of the magazine's articles than about a possible loss of the current high quality of its articles.——weaken
(C) Many of the magazine's long-time subscribers would continue their subscriptions even if the subscription price were increased.——weaken
(D) Most of the advertisers that purchase advertising space in the magazine will continue to spend the same amount on advertising per issue as they have in the past.——bingo!这样发行量少了，不就等于profit达不到了嘛
(E) Production costs for the magazine are expected to remain stable.——weaken
52. (33423-!-item-!-188;#058&007574)
When three Everett-owned Lightning-built airplanes crashed in the same month, the Everett company ordered three new Lightning-built airplanes as replacements.  This decision surprised many in the airline industry because, ordinarily when a product is involved in accidents, users become reluctant to buy that product.
Which of the following, if true, provides the best indication that the Everett company's decision was logically well supported?
Logic：飞机失事，公司继续买会失事的飞机
问解释：必然不是因为飞机自己的原因掉下来的
(A) Although during the previous year only one Lightning-built airplane crashed, competing manufacturers had a perfect safety record.——irrelevant
(B) The Lightning-built airplanes crashed due to pilot error, but because of the excellent quality of the planes there were many survivors.——bingo!
(C) The Federal Aviation Association issued new guidelines for airlines in order to standardize safety requirements governing preflight inspections.——irrelevant
(D) Consumer advocates pressured two major airlines into purchasing safer airplanes so that the public would be safer while flying.——irrelevant
(E) Many Lightning Airplane Company employees had to be replaced because they found jobs with the competition.——无语，irrelevant

cyndichiang

精炼题： 1‘39’‘
premise: struggle for life--->  keep a good perspective
+???
conclusion: struggle for life---->not take success for granted
Q:Assumption
prephrase: 补gap; keep a good perspective--->not take success for granted
(A) Anyone who succeeds takes success for
granted.------ 只说了success
(B) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective
on the world does not take success for
granted.------同时说了good perspective和 not take success for granted ，留着
(C) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective
on the world has to struggle early in life.-------说了struggle不对
(D) Anyone who does not take success for granted
has to struggle early in life.------同C
(E) Anyone who does not take success for granted
is able to keep a good perspective on the
world.-------同时说了；留着
BE 要看哪个是必要条件；题干中的结论是not take success for granted所以逻辑链的顺序应该是B ；
struggle ---> good perspective--->not take success for granted 而E 说反了，E 实际上包含了两条逻辑链
S--- > GP  和 NTSFG---> GP没有建立三个的逻辑关系

逻辑链：
1. 1’01‘’---E
premise:Start-up companies financed by venture capitalists have a much lower failure rate
conclusion:venture capitalists must be a more important causative factor in the success of a start-up company THAN the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur, the quality of strategic planning, or the management structure of the company.
Q:weaken
prephrase: venture capitalists relies on decision of managers

2. 2'20''---C
premise:Tax evasion↑-->tax rate↑-->the tax burden on nonevading taxpayers↑--->Tax evasion↑
+??
conclusion:the cycle cannot happen
Q: support
prephrase: 切断逻辑链; 由于这个plan是tax rate↑所以第一个-->不太可能被切断，那么就看第二个，因为第二个是从句中的，可以认为是事实，所以也不太可能；那么只有第三个what if people cannot evade their tax when policy is conducted?

3.1'33''--D
premise: the number of issues will ↓1/2  
premise：quality of articles, the number of articles and the subscription price are unchanged
conclusion: neither subscribers nor advertisers will be lost
Q;weaken
prepharse: 跟the number of issues 有关---》导致另一个结果
这里有一个问题：发行量减少了，不就意味着卖出去少了吗，subscribers也应该会减少啊，没有那么多发行量供应给订阅者啊？？不解。。

4.1‘14’‘---B
premise:three Everett-owned Lightning-built airplanes crashed in the same month
conclusion:the Everett company ordered three new Lightning-built airplanes as replacements
Q:explain
prephrase: 只要指出这次的冲撞不是因为Lightning-built airplanes 就行了，指出他因。。

Lincy123

P：A早期很努力，所有早期努力的人都能够对世界有好视角

C：我们知道A不是take success for granted

Assumption：对世界有好perspective的不会take success for granted

A） 所有成功的人把成功视为理所因当

B） 所有能有好perspective的人不会take success for granted。Correct

C） 所有能有好perspective的人在早期都很努力

D）所有不会take success for granted 的人在早期都很努力

E） 所有不会take success for granted的人能够有好的perspective

  

P：获得创投的初创公司的失败率比其他渠道融资的初创公司低

C：融资渠道比起创业家特质等而言，对初创公司的成功更为重要

Weaken：创投人看中创业家特质才会投钱

A） 创投比其他融资更能满足初创公司财务需求的变化

B） 初创公司的策略规划比起个人特质在长期成功来说是更不重要的

C） 超过半数新公司在未来5年倒闭

D）初创公司的管理架构比现有公司更不正式

E） 创投根据创业家特质投钱。Correct

  

逃税 – 不上报收入：恶性循环

逃税 – 政府提高税率 – 不逃税的人赋税增加 – 更多人逃税

Assumption：赋税增加会导致人逃税 / 不上报收入就能逃税 /

A） 税率增加会鼓励纳税人增加税前收入。Weaken

B） 一些测量逃税者的方法，恢复了部分被逃掉的税收，但是成功概率每年都在变。待定

C） 当定法律的人推出税率来产生特定程度的收入时，他们不允许逃税收入。Correct

收税的人不允许因为逃税减少的收入不被补足，也就是说收税的人提高税率来cover掉逃税的人的那部分收入

D）没有藏起税收的人能被更低的税率诱惑，从而停止偷税。除非逃税罚款也提升了

E） 纳税人都一样根据税率导致他们逃税。Correct（x）

意思是所有人都逃税，这样就没有税了，错

  

杂志减少1.5倍的发行量。文章质量、数量、价格保持不变。订阅者和广告商都没有下降。

C：杂志亏损了：成本升高

Strengthen：

A） 发行成本增加三分之一，correct （x）

减少1.5倍比三分之一多，成本相当于还减少了

B） 大部分读者更不关系数量，更关心质量。解释一半

C） 许多杂志的长期读者会继续订阅，即使价格上涨。无关

D）大部分买广告位的广告上花同样的数量在每一期刊上。Correct

杂志期数少了，广告收入减少

E） 杂志的生产成本不变。

  

E的LB飞机在同一个月失事了三辆，E又买了三辆LB飞机替代

P：通常来说如果一个产品涉及事故，使用者不会再购买该产品

C：E的决定震惊业界

Strengthen：失事原因和LB飞机本身无关

A） 虽然在去年只有一架LB失事，竞争对手有完美安全记录。无关

B） LB飞机失事时飞行员错误，但因为飞机质量好，有很多幸存者。Correct

C） FAA发布新规，来标准化飞行前检查的安全需求

D）消费者呼吁航空公司买更安全的飞机

E） 许多LAC的员工都被替换因为他们竞争激烈

老马识图

兄弟姐妹们，这道题还是有点蒙， 到底A还是D

Because postage rates are rising, Home Decorator magazine plans to maximize its profits by reducing by one half the number of issues it publishes each year.  The quality of articles, the number of articles published per year, and the subscription price will not change.  Market research shows that neither subscribers nor advertisers will be lost if the magazine's plan is instituted.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest evidence that the magazine's profits are likely to decline if the plan is instituted? A? D?
(A) With the new postage rates, a typical issue under the proposed plan would cost about one-third more to mail than a typical current issue would.
(B) The majority of the magazine's subscribers are less concerned about a possible reduction in the quantity of the magazine's articles than about a possible loss of the current high quality of its articles.+
(C) Many of the magazine's long-time subscribers would continue their subscriptions even if the subscription price were increased.
(D) Most of the advertisers that purchase advertising space in the magazine will continue to spend the same amount on advertising per issue as they have in the past.+
(E) Production costs for the magazine are expected to remain stable.