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2.
Marian Anderson, the famous contralto, did not take
success for granted. We know this because Anderson
had to struggle early in life, and anyone who has to
struggle early in life is able to keep a good
perspective on the world.
Actually, the first sentence is the conclusion, which reveals that MA did not take success for granted. So the right answer should point out that what kind of people did not take success for granted.
The conclusion of the argument follows logically if
which one of the following is assumed?
(A) Anyone who succeeds takes success for
granted.
It cannot strengthen the argument, because it uses the negation.
(B) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective
on the world does not take success for
granted.
Yes, this answer choice strengthens the conclusion by demonstrating that since Anderson is able to keep a good perspective, and anyone who is able to keep a good perspective on the world does not take success for granted, Anderson did not take success for granted. BA
(C) Anyone who is able to keep a good perspective
on the world has to struggle early in life.
It has no relationship with the conclusion.
(D) Anyone who does not take success for granted
has to struggle early in life.
It reverses the causality.
(E) Anyone who does not take success for granted
is able to keep a good perspective on the
world.
It reverses the causal relationship.
49. (33279-!-item-!-188;#058&007564)
Start-up companies financed by venture capitalists have a much lower failure rate than companies financed by other means. Source of financing, therefore, must be a more important causative factor in the success of a start-up company than are such factors as the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur, the quality of strategic planning, or the management structure of the company.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
(A) Venture capitalists tend to be more responsive than other sources of financing to changes in a start-up company's financial needs.
The answer strengthens the argument, rather than weakens.
(B) The strategic planning of a start-up company is a less important factor in the long-term success of the company than are the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur.
The comparison without financing is irrelevant.
(C) More than half of all new companies fail within five years.
This answer choice cannot weaken the argument.
(D) The management structures of start-up companies are generally less formal than the management structures of ongoing businesses.
The comparison between start-up companies and ongoing businesses is outside the scope of the argument.
(E) Venture capitalists base their decisions to fund start-up companies on such factors as the characteristics of the entrepreneur and quality of strategic planning of the company.
This answer choice weakens the argument by showing that financing is based on other factors, such as the characteristics of the entrepreneur and quality of strategic planning of the company. BA
50. (33327-!-item-!-188;#058&007566)
When people evade income taxes by not declaring taxable income, a vicious cycle results. Tax evasion forces lawmakers to raise income tax rates, which causes the tax burden on nonevading taxpayers to become heavier. This, in turn, encourages even more taxpayers to evade income taxes by hiding taxable income.
The vicious cycle described above could not result unless which of the following were true?
(A) An increase in tax rates tends to function as an incentive for taxpayers to try to increase their pretax incomes.
“Increase pretax incomes” is irrelevant, since they may still evade taxes.
(B) Some methods for detecting tax evaders, and thus recovering some tax revenue lost through evasion, bring in more than they cost, but their success rate varies from year to year.
Actually, this answer choice reveals that the vicious cycle can continue with the variation.
(C) When lawmakers establish income tax rates in order to generate a certain level of revenue, they do not allow adequately for revenue that will be lost through evasion.
Yes, if lawmakers realize the problem and settle down it, then the vicious cycle cannot develop. BA
(D) No one who routinely hides some taxable income can be induced by a lowering of tax rates to stop hiding such income unless fines for evaders are raised at the same time.
The answer choice, in fact, reveals that the vicious cycle can continue.
(E) Taxpayers do not differ from each other with respect to the rate of taxation that will cause them to evade taxes.
So they may choose to evade taxes with regard for the higher tax rates.
51. (33375-!-item-!-188;#058&007573)
Because postage rates are rising, Home Decorator magazine plans to maximize its profits by reducing by one half the number of issues it publishes each year. The quality of articles, the number of articles published per year, and the subscription price will not change. Market research shows that neither subscribers nor advertisers will be lost if the magazine's plan is instituted.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest evidence that the magazine's profits are likely to decline if the plan is instituted?
(A) With the new postage rates, a typical issue under the proposed plan would cost about one-third more to mail than a typical current issue would.
Since the first sentence has referred that the postage rates are rising, this issue is irrelevant. But it still seems to be contender.
Let's address your concern about choice A by fixing the math.
Let's say the current situation is:
Number of subscribers = 100 people
Annual subscription price = $20
Number of issues annually: 6
Postage cost per issue = $1
Production cost per issue = $2
Current profit = 100 [($20) - (6 issues)($1/issue) - (6 issues)($2/issue)] = (100)($20-$6-$12) = $200
That means the situation under the new plan and considering choice A:
Number of subscribers = 100 people
Annual subscription price = $20
Number of issues annually: 3 (half of 6)
Postage cost per issue = $1.33 (1/3 increase)
Production cost per issue = $2
Resulting profit = 100 [($20) - (3 issues)($1.33/issue) - (3 issues)($2/issue)] = (100)($20-$4-$6) = $1000 (big increase)from Manhattan
(B) The majority of the magazine's subscribers are less concerned about a possible reduction in the quantity of the magazine's articles than about a possible loss of the current high quality of its articles.
Since the quantity and the quality of articles will not change, the comparison is irrelevant.
(C) Many of the magazine's long-time subscribers would continue their subscriptions even if the subscription price were increased.
Since the price will not change, it is irrelevant. In some degree, this answer choice strengthens the argument.
(D) Most of the advertisers that purchase advertising space in the magazine will continue to spend the same amount on advertising per issue as they have in the past.
It is very tricky! “Per issue” reveals that even though the amount on advertising per issue is the same, if the total quantity reduces, the whole revenue will decrease, thus weakening the argument. BA
(E) Production costs for the magazine are expected to remain stable.
This answer choice strengthens the argument.
52. (33423-!-item-!-188;#058&007574)
When three Everett-owned Lightning-built airplanes crashed in the same month, the Everett company ordered three new Lightning-built airplanes as replacements. This decision surprised many in the airline industry because, ordinarily when a product is involved in accidents, users become reluctant to buy that product.
Which of the following, if true, provides the best indication that the Everett company's decision was logically well supported?
(A) Although during the previous year only one Lightning-built airplane crashed, competing manufacturers had a perfect safety record.
Perfect safety record of competing manufacturers cannot make sure that of the Everett company. What’s more, we are told that the accidents about the Everett company.
(B) The Lightning-built airplanes crashed due to pilot error, but because of the excellent quality of the planes there were many survivors.
This answer choice explains the contradiction in the argument by showing that pilot error, rather than the plane, causes the accidents. BA
(C) The Federal Aviation Association issued new guidelines for airlines in order to standardize safety requirements governing preflight inspections.
The new guidelines are irrelevant.
(D) Consumer advocates pressured two major airlines into purchasing safer airplanes so that the public would be safer while flying.
What consumer does can make the argument more contradictory.
(E) Many Lightning Airplane Company employees had to be replaced because they found jobs with the competition.
How about the planes produced in the Lightning Airplane?
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发表于 2012-7-2 11:10:00
:anyone who struggled early in life is able to keep good perspective in world
