请教LSAT-12-II-11,15,,22,24

joywzy

10. The labeling of otherwise high-calorie foods as "sugar-free," based on the replacement of all sugar by artificial sweeteners, should be prohibited by law. Such a prohibition is indicated because many consumers who need to lose weight will interpret the label "sugar-free" as synonymous with "low in calories" and harm themselves by building weight-loss diets around foods labeled "sugar-free." Manufacturers of sugar-free foods are well aware of this tendency on the part of consumers.

11. Which one of the following, if true, provides the strongest basis for challenging the conclusion in the passage?

(A) Food manufacturers would respond to a ban on the label "sugar-free' by reducing the calories in sugar-free products by enough to be able to promote those products as diet foods.

(B) Individuals who are diabetic need to be able to identify products that contain no sugar by reference to product labels that expressly state that the product contains no sugar.

(C) Consumers are sometimes slow to notice changes in product labels unless those changes are themselves well advertised.

(D) Consumers who have chosen a particular weight-loss diet tend to persist with this diet if they have been warned not to expect very quick results.

(E) Exactly what appears on a product label is less important to consumer behavior than is the relative visual prominence of the different pieces of information that the label contains.

答案:B,请问E为何不对/

15. A standard problem for computer security is that passwords that have to be typed on a computer keyboard are comparatively easy for unauthorized users to steal or guess. A new system that relies on recognizing the voices of authorized users apparently avoids this problem. In a small initial trial, the system never incorrectly accepted someone seeking access to the computer's data. Clearly, if this result can be repeated in an operational setting, then there will be a way of giving access to those people who are entitled to access and to no one else.

The reasoning above is flawed because it

(A) makes a faulty comparison, in that a security system based on voice recognition would not be expected to suffer from the same problems as one that relied on passwords entered from a keyboard

(8) bases a general conclusion on a small amount of data

(C) fails to recognize that a security system based on voice recognition could easily have applications other than computer security

(D) ignores the possibility that the system sometimes denies access to people who are entitled to access

(E) states its conclusion in a heavily qualified way

答案,我觉得A,B都可以,D不明白为何是错误?

22. Oil company representative: We spent more money on cleaning the otters affected by our recent oil spill than has been spent on any previous marine mammal rescue project. This shows our concern for the environment.

Environmentalist: You have no such concern. Your real concern is evident in your admission to the press that news photographs of oil-covered otters would be particularly damaging to your public image, which plays an important role in your level of sales.

The environmentalist's conclusion would be properly drawn if it were true that the

(A) oil company cannot have more than one motive for cleaning the otters affected by the oil spill

(B) otter population in the area of the oil spill could not have survived without the cleaning project

(C) oil company has always shown a high regard for its profits in choosing its courses of action

(D) government would have spent the money to clean the otters if the oil company had not agreed to do it

(E) oil company's efforts toward cleaning the affected otters have been more successful than have such efforts in previous projects to clean up oil spills

答案:A,我奇怪A为何会支持了结论?

(A) oil company can have more than one motive for cleaning the otters affected by the oil spill 把NOT 去掉,倒有可能.

24. Since Mayor Drabble always repays her political debts as soon as possible, she will almost certainly appoint Lee to be the new head of the arts commission. Lee has wanted that job for a long time, and Drabble owes Lee a lot for his support in the last election.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A) Mayor Drabble has no political debt that is both of longer standing than the one she owes to Lee and could as suitably be repaid by an appointment to be the new head of the arts commission.

(B) There is no one to whom Mayor Drabble owes a greater political debt for support in the last election than the political debt she owes to Lee.

(C) Lee is the only person to whom Mayor Drabble owes a political debt who would be willing to accept an appointment from her as the new head of the arts commission.

(D) Whether Lee is qualified to head the arts commission is irrelevant to Mayor Drabble's decision.

(E) The only way that Mayor Drabble can adequately repay her political debt to Lee is by appointing him to head the arts commission.

答案:A,虽然做对了,是蒙的.觉得A,B,C,E都可以.

谢谢.

siebel

以下是引用joywzy在2003-6-13 16:55:00的发言：
11. Which one of the following, if true, provides the strongest basis for challenging the conclusion in the passage?
(E) Exactly what appears on a product label is less important to consumer behavior than is the relative visual prominence of the different pieces of information that the label contains.

答案:B,请问E为何不对/

than-clause，我理解：是label上的视觉形象，即：label的布局、设计之类的表面功夫。是个无关的比较对象。

22. Oil company representative: We spent more money on cleaning the otters affected by our recent oil spill than has been spent on any previous marine mammal rescue project. This shows our concern for the environment.

Environmentalist: You have no such concern. Your real concern is evident in your admission to the press that news photographs of oil-covered otters would be particularly damaging to your public image, which plays an important role in your level of sales.

The environmentalist's conclusion would be properly drawn if it were true that the

(A) oil company cannot have more than one motive for cleaning the otters affected by the oil spill

(B) otter population in the area of the oil spill could not have survived without the cleaning project

(C) oil company has always shown a high regard for its profits in choosing its courses of action

(D) government would have spent the money to clean the otters if the oil company had not agreed to do it

(E) oil company's efforts toward cleaning the affected otters have been more successful than have such efforts in previous projects to clean up oil spills

答案:A,我奇怪A为何会支持了结论?

(A) oil company can have more than one motive for cleaning the otters affected by the oil spill 把NOT 去掉,倒有可能.

感觉：实际上是个assumption题。

siebel

24. 关键在于如何理解原文。

整个题目偶理解为（不晓得对不对）：
原因：Mayor Drabble always repays her political debts as soon as possible
结论：APPOINT LEE
其余：均为补充说明，或看作引申。或者可以不看。
这样看，答案只能A

如果把LEE WANTED THIS POSITION 和 D OWES LEE A LOT视做原因，则有问题中的困惑。

joywzy

ding

XDJM们帮助看看这几题啊？谢谢。

lyricling

Lsat12(上)11
原文推理如下：
结论：将含artificial sweeteners的high-calorie food标为“sugar-free”应被禁止。
论据：(1) consumer 将误把“sugar-free”理解为“low in calories”,从而将其当作减肥食品
　　　(2)而制造商们也明白地知道consumers会这样理解
问：weaken?
B项：讲diabetic consumer需要借助标签上的“sugar-free”来判断食品是否含糖。――＞“sugar-free”对消费者还是有作用的，不应该被禁止。
E项： “relative visual prominence of the different pieces of information that the label contains”才是影响consumer购买行为的主要因素。
但所谓“商标所含信息的相关视觉特征”是一个非常抽象的概念，它可能也包括“sugar-free”这个商标的视觉特征。所以这里的“它因”其实不是真正的“它因”，因此起不到weaken作用。

第十五题：
个人感觉这种“密码”系统题应该考虑两个方面，评价一个“密码”系统是否完备，要考虑两个方面的情况：(1)　拒绝冒牌货的情况　(2) 接受正牌货的情况；

这与检测某种病的仪器是一个道理，要关注两方面情况：(1)检测某病positive的正确率(2)检测某病passive的正确率（GMAT真题里有一题）依稀记得Lsat题里还有一道讲安检的题，也同此理。

（D）正是指出了原文推理只关注了voice system拒绝冒牌货的情况，但是如果也同样拒绝正牌货，这个系统你说有用吗？

（A）说两种密码系统不可比。两种系统的方式不可比，但效果是可比的。
（B）说data is small.其实Data是否small不是关键，关键在于data是否representative. 如果取样科学，small data也是可以representative的。所以B不对。

第二十二题：假设题

原文推理：
O论点: 原因(A) ――＞spent more money on XX than before

E论点:  O公司（非A）
E证据：原因(B)――＞spent more money on XX than before
E的论证有一个暗含的假设，导致O公司做善事的动机只有一个，非此即彼。是B就不能是A。

如果把(A)取非，O公司有多种动机做善事，则有B因不能说明无A因。Weaken了E的论点：O公司做善事不是因为A因。所以A项应该是假设。

第二十四题：假设题
原文推理如下：
结论：MD repays her political debts as soon as possible――＞MD will appoint L to the arts commission
论据：L want to be appointed and MD own political debts to B

原文推理有一个gap，那就是没有别的人排在L前面。如果有一个人X与L在其它方面一样，且等候提名的时间比L还长，按照原则，MD就应该提句X而不是L。要使结论成立，需要有一个假设条件：MD欠L的political debts时间最长。

(B)  In the last election中，MD欠L的political debts最长，不排除在更早一些的election中，MD欠了别人的债没还。

(C)  只有L会accept，与结论中说MD appoint L没有关系。

(E)  MD唯一能够充分报答L的方式是提名L。这个假设条件有点过分，如果将E取非，MD还可以用其它方式报答L，那么MD依然有可能提名L为head of the arts commission. 否定条件E不能weaken 原文结论，则E不是假设条件。

joywzy

以下是引用lyricling在2003-6-14 15:37:00的发言：

第十五题：
个人感觉这种“密码”系统题应该考虑两个方面，评价一个“密码”系统是否完备，要考虑两个方面的情况：(1)　拒绝冒牌货的情况　(2) 接受正牌货的情况；

这与检测某种病的仪器是一个道理，要关注两方面情况：(1)检测某病positive的正确率(2)检测某病passive的正确率（GMAT真题里有一题）依稀记得Lsat题里还有一道讲安检的题，也同此理。

（D）正是指出了原文推理只关注了voice system拒绝冒牌货的情况，但是如果也同样拒绝正牌货，这个系统你说有用吗？

（A）说两种密码系统不可比。两种系统的方式不可比，但效果是可比的。
（B）说data is small.其实Data是否small不是关键，关键在于data是否representative. 如果取样科学，small data也是可以representative的。所以B不对。

lyricling,我明白了。

这题可以改为支持：the system always allow access to people who are entitled to access

改为削弱：the system sometimes denies access to people who are entitled to access

改为评价：Do the system sometimes denies access to people who are entitled to access ?

在XDF中一道题，我做错了，

14. A recent survey of all auto accident victims in Dole County found that, of the severely injured drivers and front-seat passengers, 80 percent were not wearing seat belts at the time of their accidents. This indicates that, by wearing seat belts, drivers and front-seat passengers can greatly reduce their risk of being severely injured if they are in an auto accident.

The conclusion above is not properly drawn unless which of the following is true?

(A) Of all the drivers and front-seat passengers in the survey, more than 20 percent were wearing seat belts at the time of their accidents.
(B)Considerably more than 20 percent of drivers and front-seat passengers in Dole County always wear seat belts when traveling by car.
(C) More drivers and front-seat passengers in the survey than rear-seat passengers were very severely injured.
(D) More than half of the drivers and front-seat passengers in the survey were not wearing seat belts at the time of their accidents.
(E) Most of the auto accidents reported to police in Dole County do not involve any serious injury.

是不是类似？

谢谢lyricling。

joywzy

lyricling，非常感谢，T22,24我明白了。

假设题我原先做过总结，不外乎几种类型：排除他因，确定条件的有效性，GAP，否定倒置因果，等等。

可是，在繁杂的论证中，我经常会迷失方向，就如这两题，理不出头绪来，有什么好办法吗？

谢谢。

joywzy

Lsat12(上)11
原文推理如下：
结论：将含artificial sweeteners的high-calorie food标为“sugar-free”应被禁止。
论据：(1) consumer 将误把“sugar-free”理解为“low in calories”,从而将其当作减肥食品
　　　(2)而制造商们也明白地知道consumers会这样理解
问：weaken?
B项：讲diabetic consumer需要借助标签上的“sugar-free”来判断食品是否含糖。――＞“sugar-free”对消费者还是有作用的，不应该被禁止。
E项： “relative visual prominence of the different pieces of information that the label contains”才是影响consumer购买行为的主要因素。
但所谓“商标所含信息的相关视觉特征”是一个非常抽象的概念，它可能也包括“sugar-free”这个商标的视觉特征。所以这里的“它因”其实不是真正的“它因”，因此起不到weaken作用。

lyricling，请教你：

在削弱中，为什么有的可以算他因削弱，有的又不可以，比如这题，就不算。我经常区分不清什么时候能算他因什么不算他因？有什么判断标准吗？

谢谢。

lyricling

我觉得他因削弱要明确的一点就是这个原因与原来的那个原因之间没有包涵关系，也就是两个元素之间没有交集。如果提出的另一个原因有涵盖第一个原因的可能，这就不能叫做他因了。
另外我觉得区别假设有一个方法，就是将其取非，如果假设取非后，原文结论不成立，这就是真正的假设，反之则排除。
其实我的逻辑水平也比较差，好多时候就是想得到大家的批评与帮助，还请多多指教！
另请高手们再过来看看这个问题！

[此贴子已经被作者于2003-6-15 0:41:32编辑过]

mindfree

Joy,

I think that your ultimate problem is understanding the passage. What you should be paying more attention is to understand what the conclusion is and what premises are presented.

For example, 10T. The conclusion is that the "sugar-free" should be banned becuase one reason. The answer is that there is another reason that sugar-free should remain. Why don't yu think it is not the right answer? E contain information that is never mentioned in the passage. Can you find anything in the passage that is relevant to E? Please point it out.

Another example, 15T. The conclusion is "there will be a way of giving access to those people who are entitled to access and to no one else". There are two elements in the conclusion: 1. give access to people entitles 2. deny access to no one else". From the passage, only evidence that support the second is presented, so the first one can not be confirmed. So you need to read and think at the same time. Try to find the difference. B is not correct because it is clearly stated in the argument "if this result can be repeated in an operational setting". Without this sentence, B can not the error in reasoning.

Did you really understand 22T?