【每日阅读训练第二期——速度越障2系列】【2-13】

mahaofei001

速度Hundredsof NY police officers clear Occupy Wall St. protesters from Zuccotti Park; 70arrests
计时一
Hundreds of police officers in riot gear raidedZuccotti Park early Tuesday, evicting dozens of Occupy Wall Street protestersfrom what has become the epicenter of the worldwide movement protestingcorporate greed and economic inequality.

About 70 people were arrested, including some whochained themselves together, while officers cleared the park so that sanitationcrews could clean it.

Protesters at the two-month-old encampment weretold they come back after the cleaning, but under new tougher rules, includingno tents, sleeping bags or tarps, which would effectively put an end to theencampment if enforced.

Mayor Michael Bloomberg said in a statement Tuesdaythat the evacuation was conducted in the middle of the night “to reduce therisk of confrontation in the park, and to minimize disruption to thesurrounding neighborhood.”

He said after the cleaning, protesters would beallowed to return but “must follow all park rules.”

“The law that createdZuccotti Park required that it be open for the public to enjoy for passiverecreation 24 hours a day,” Bloomberg said. “Ever since the occupation began,that law has not been complied with, as the park has been taken over byprotesters, making it unavailable to anyone else.”

Concerns about health and safety issues at OccupyWall Street camps around the country have intensified, and protesters have beenordered to take down their shelters, adhere to curfews and relocate so thatparks can be cleaned.
——237
计时二
At about 1 a.m. Tuesday, New York City policehanded out notices from Brookfield Office Properties, owner of Zuccotti Park,and the city saying that the park had to be cleared because it had becomeunsanitary and hazardous. Protesters were told they could return in severalhours, but without sleeping bags, tarps or tents.

Hundreds of former Zuccotti Park residents andtheir supporters were marching along Lower Manhattan before dawn Tuesday andthreatened to block Broadway during the morning rush hour.

Others gathered near Foley Square, just blocks fromZuccotti Park, where they can’t get arrested.

Paul Browne, a spokesman for the New York PoliceDepartment, said the park had been cleared by 4:30 a.m. and that about 70people who’d been inside it had been arrested, including a group who chainedthemselves together. One person was taken to a local hospital for evaluationbecause of breathing problems.

Police in riot gear filled the streets, car lightsflashing and sirens blaring. Protesters, some of whom shouted angrily atpolice, began marching to two locations in Lower Manhattan where they plannedto hold rallies.

Some protesters refused to leave the park, but manyleft peacefully.

Ben Hamilton, 29, said he was arrested “and I wasjust trying to get away” from the fray.

Rabbi Chaim Gruber, an Occupy Wall Street member,said police officers were clearing the streets near Zuccotti Park.
——230
计时三
“The police are forminga human shield, and are pushing everyone away,” he said.

Hundreds of police officers surrounded the park inriot gear with plastic shields across their faces, holding plastic shields andbatons which were used on some cases on protesters.
Police also came armed with klieg lights, whichthey used to flood the park, and bull horns to announce that everyone had toclear out.

Jake Rozak, another protester, said police “hadtheir pepper spray out and were ready to use it.”

Notices given to the protesters said the park“poses an increasing health and fire safety hazard to those camped in the park,the city’s first responders and the surrounding community.”

It said that tents, sleeping bags and other itemshad to be removed because “the storage of these materials at this location isnot allowed.” Anything left behind would be taken away, the notices said,giving an address at a sanitation department building where items could bepicked up.

Alex Hall, 21, of Brooklyn, said police walked intothe park “stepping on tents and ripping them out.”

Before dawn, sanitation plows and trucks were linedup on Broadway ready to roll into the park and remove what was left of thedebris.

On Monday, a small group of demonstrators,including local residents and merchants, protested at City Hall. In recentweeks, they have urged the mayor to clear out the park because of its negativeimpact on the neighborhood and small businesses.
——248
自由阅读
Occupy encampments have come under fire around thecountry as local officials and residents have complained about possible healthhazards and ongoing inhabitation of parks and other public spaces.

Anti-Wall Street activists intend to converge atthe University of California, Berkeley on Tuesday for a day of protests andanother attempt to set up an Occupy Cal camp, less than a week after policearrested dozens of protesters who tried to pitch tents on campus.

The Berkeley protesters will be joined by OccupyOakland activists who said they would march to the UC campus in the afternoon.Police cleared the tent city in front of Oakland City Hall before dawn Mondayand arrested more than 50 people amid complaints about safety, sanitation anddrug use.

计时四
Warsavings and debt reduction: Take two
The congressional “supercommittee” is looking tocount as budget savings as much as $700 billion that the nation no longerplans to spend on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan over the next decade, anaccounting gimmick that has drawn fire from both Democrats and Republicans.
In deference to that criticism, aides from bothparties said the panel would not count war savings toward its primarydebt-reduction goal of at least $1.2 trillion. Instead, they areconsidering using the savings to “pay for” other priorities, such as extendingemergency unemployment benefits and a temporary payroll tax cut currentlyenjoyed by every American worker.
Both measures are scheduled to expire at the end ofthis year, potentially damaging the fragile recovery — an outcome thatPresident Obama and other Democrats are eager to avoid. Unless their cost isoffset by other savings, however, extending them through 2012 would addbillions to next year’s budget deficit — an outcome Republicans oppose.
Budget analysts were appalled by the idea. RobertBixby of the bipartisan Concord Coalition called war savings “the mother of allbudget gimmicks.” But aides in both parties said an agreement to use warsavings to offset the cost of urgent expenses could help build support for abroader accord on the debt, which is likely to require lawmakers to supportpolitically painful spending cuts and tax increases.
“There is around $917 billion to be saved overthe next 10 years from the overseas contingency account. And we ought to countthat,” Rep. James E. Clyburn (D-S.C.), a supercommittee member, said on “FoxNews Sunday.” “We ought to use that savings .?.?. to plow it into job-creationprograms that would get people back to work, and paying taxes, and off of foodstamps and off of unemployment.”
With a Thanksgiving deadline fast approaching, supercommitteemembers are still struggling toward a compromise on the broader package. Talksthrough the weekend focused on the issue of taxes, with Democrats pressingRepublicans to up their offer to generate about $300 billion in new tax revenueover the next decade through a rewrite of the tax code that would lower ratesbut eliminate expensive deductions.
Republicans indicated a willingness to do so, aidessaid, but only in exchange for additional reductions to soaring Social Securityand Medicare costs.
——381
计时五
Rumors buzzed through the Capitol late Monday thatDemocrats were poised to deliver a new offer, and aides said Senate MajorityLeader Harry M. Reid (D-Nev.) was seeking to schedule a meeting with HouseSpeaker John A. Boehner (R-Ohio). That meeting was never set, however, and byMonday evening Democrats had yet to plot their next steps.
The war savings issue also remained unresolved.While both sides seemed inclined to count the savings, Democratic aides saidRepublicans want to reserve a good chunk of it to pay for other expiringprovisions, including a legislative patch that prevents Medicare doctors fromabsorbing a huge scheduled pay cut and another legal fix that protects millionsof households from the alternative minimum tax.
The concept of war savings is a budget quirk thatrose to prominence in 2009, when Obama took office on a promise to end bothwars. Budget analysts estimated that doing so would save vast sums comparedwith an alternative policy path that would have allowed the wars to grind onindefinitely at surge levels.
In his budget requests to Congress, Obama hasregularly taken credit for more than $1 trillion in 10-year savings fromending the wars. This summer, Reid tried to count war savings as part of a dealto raise the federal debt ceiling. And Senate Democrats this fall consideredholding hearings to urge the supercommittee to count war savings by solicitingtestimony about all the military bases that would be closed, all the armamentsthat would no longer need to be replenished and all the war-zone salaries thatwould no longer have to be paid.
At first, Republicans balked. Boehner has dismissedthe idea of counting war savings, saying the reductions are “already going tohappen.” And House Majority Leader Eric Cantor (R-Va.) has criticized warsavings as “gimmicks and accounting tricks.”
But in recent weeks, the idea has grown morepalatable to the GOP, promoted by some defense hawks as a replacement forautomatic cuts to the Pentagon that will hit in 2013 if the supercommitteefails to draft its own debt-reduction blueprint.
——348

越障Graphene is an allotrope of carbon, whose structureis one-atom-thick planar sheets of sp2-bonded carbon atoms that are densely packedin a honeycomb crystal lattice.[1] The term graphene was coined as acombination of graphite and the suffix -ene by Hanns-Peter Boehm,[2] whodescribed single-layer carbon foils in 1962.[3] Graphene is most easilyvisualized as an atomic-scale chicken wire made of carbon atoms and theirbonds. The crystalline or "flake" form of graphite consists of manygraphene sheets stacked together.

The carbon-carbon bond length in graphene is about0.142 nanometers.[4] Graphene sheets stack to form graphite with an interplanarspacing of 0.335 nm, which means that a stack of three million sheets would beonly one millimeter thick. Graphene is the basic structural element of somecarbon allotropes including graphite, charcoal, carbon nanotubes andfullerenes. It can also be considered as an indefinitely large aromaticmolecule, the limiting case of the family of flat polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons.

The Nobel Prize in Physics for 2010 was awarded toAndre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov "for groundbreaking experimentsregarding the two-dimensional material graphene".[5]

In essence, graphene is an isolated atomic plane ofgraphite. From this perspective, graphene has been known since the invention ofX-ray crystallography. Graphene planes become even better separated inintercalated graphite compounds. In 2004 physicists at the University ofManchester and the Institute for Microelectronics Technology, Chernogolovka,Russia, first isolated individual graphene planes by using adhesive tape.[12]They also measured electronic properties of the obtained flakes and showedtheir unique properties.[13] In 2005 the same Manchester Geim group togetherwith the Philip Kim group from Columbia University (see the History section)demonstrated that quasiparticles in graphene were massless Dirac fermions.These discoveries led to an explosion of interest in graphene.

Since then, hundreds of researchers have enteredthe area, resulting in an extensive search for relevant earlier papers. TheManchester researchers themselves published the first literature review.[1]They cite several papers in which graphene or ultra-thin graphitic layers wereepitaxially grown on various substrates. Also, they note a number of pre-2004reports in which intercalated graphite compounds were studied in a transmissionelectron microscope. In the latter case, researchers occasionally observed extremelythin graphitic flakes ("few-layer graphene" and possibly evenindividual layers). An early detailed study on few-layer graphene dates back to1962.[14] The earliest TEM images of few-layer graphene were published by G.Ruess and F. Vogt in 1948.[15] However, already D.C. Brodie was aware of thehighly lamellar structure of thermally reduced graphite oxide in 1859[citationneeded]. It was studied in detail by V. Kohlschütter and P. Haenni in 1918, whoalso described the properties of graphite oxide paper.[16]

It is now well known that tiny fragments ofgraphene sheets are produced (along with quantities of other debris) whenevergraphite is abraded, such as when drawing a line with a pencil.[12] There waslittle interest in this graphitic residue before 2004/05 and, therefore, thediscovery of graphene is often attributed to Andre Geim and colleagues [17] whointroduced graphene in its modern incarnation.

In 2008, graphene produced by exfoliation was oneof the most expensive materials on Earth, with a sample that can be placed atthe cross section of a human hair costing more than $1,000 as of April 2008(about $100,000,000/cm2).[12] Since then, exfoliation procedures have beenscaled up, and now companies sell graphene in large quantities.[18] On theother hand, the price of epitaxial graphene on SiC is dominated by thesubstrate price, which is approximately $100/cm2 as of 2009. Even cheapergraphene has been produced by transfer from nickel by Korean researchers,[19]with wafer sizes up to 30 inches (760 mm) reported.[20]

In 2011 the Institute of Electronic MaterialsTechnology and Department of Physics, Warsaw University announced a jointdevelopment of acquisition technology of large pieces of graphene with the bestquality so far.[21][22][23] In April the same year, Polish scientists withsupport from the Polish Ministry of Economy began the procedure for granting apatent to their discovery around the world.[24][25][26][27]

In the literature, specifically that of the surfacescience community, graphene has also been commonly referred to as monolayergraphite. This community has intensely studied epitaxial graphene on varioussurfaces (over 300 articles prior to 2004). In some cases, these graphenelayers are coupled to the surfaces weakly enough (by Van der Waals forces) toretain the two dimensional electronic band structure of isolatedgraphene,[28][29] as also happens[13] with exfoliated graphene flakes withregard to SiO2. An example of weakly coupled epitaxial graphene is the onegrown on SiC (see below).

The atomic structure of isolated, single-layergraphene was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on sheets ofgraphene suspended between bars of a metallic grid.[31] Electron diffractionpatterns showed the expected hexagonal lattice of graphene. Suspended graphenealso showed "rippling" of the flat sheet, with amplitude of about onenanometer. These ripples may be intrinsic to graphene as a result of theinstability of two-dimensional crystals,[1][65][66] or may be extrinsic,originating from the ubiquitous dirt seen in all TEM images of graphene. Atomicresolution real-space images of isolated, single-layer graphene on SiO2substrates were obtained[67][68] by scanning tunneling microscopy. Grapheneprocessed using lithographic techniques is covered by photoresist residue,which must be cleaned to obtain atomic-resolution images.[67] Such residue maybe the "adsorbates" observed in TEM images, and may explain therippling of suspended graphene. Rippling of graphene on the SiO2 surface wasdetermined to be caused by conformation of graphene to the underlying SiO2, andnot an intrinsic effect.[67]

Graphene sheets in solid form (density > 1g/cm3) usually show evidence in diffraction for graphite's 0.34 nm (002)layering. This is true even of some single-walled carbon nanostructures.[69]However, unlayered graphene with only (hk0) rings has been found in the core ofpresolar graphite onions.[70] Transmission electron microscope studies showfaceting at defects in flat graphene sheets,[71] and suggest a possible role inthis unlayered-graphene for two-dimensional crystallization from a melt.
The USC Viterbi School of Engineering lab reportedthe large scale production of highly transparent graphene films by chemicalvapor deposition in 2008. In this process, researchers create ultra-thingraphene sheets by first depositing carbon atoms in the form of graphene filmson a nickel plate from methane gas. Then they lay down a protective layer ofthermoplastic over the graphene layer and dissolve the nickel underneath in anacid bath. In the final step they attach the plastic-protected graphene to avery flexible polymer sheet, which can then be incorporated into an OPV cell(graphene photovoltaics). Graphene/polymer sheets have been produced that rangein size up to 150 square centimeters and can be used to create dense arrays offlexible OPV cells. It may eventually be possible to run printing presseslaying extensive areas covered with inexpensive solar cells, much likenewspaper presses print newspapers (roll-to-roll)[158][159]

Passage 42 (42/63)

Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and experienced before it is studied, interpreted, and read. These latter activities have their own history, of course, which may impinge in unexpected ways on public events. It is difficult to predict when “new pasts” will overturn established historical interpretations and change the course of history.



In the fall of 1954, for example, C. Vann Woodward delivered a lecture series at the University of Virginia which challenged the prevailing dogma concerning the history, continuity, and uniformity of racial segregation in the South. He argued that the Jim Crow laws of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century’s not only codified traditional practice but also were a determined effort to erase the considerable progress made by Black people during and after Reconstruction in the 1870’s. This revisionist view of Jim Crow legislation grew in part from the research that Woodward had done for the NAACP legal campaign during its preparation for Brown v. Board of Education. The Supreme Court had issued its ruling in this epochal desegregation case a few months before Woodward’s lectures.



The lectures were soon published as a book, The Strange Career of Jim Crow. Ten years later, in a preface to the second revised edition, Woodward confessed with ironic modesty that the first edition “had begun to suffer under some of the handicaps that might be expected in a history of the American Revolution published in 1776.” That was a bit like hearing Thomas Paine apologize for the timing of his pamphlet Common Sense, which had a comparable impact. Although Common Sense also had a mass readership, Paine had intended to reach and inspire: he was not a historian, and thus not concerned with accuracy or the dangers of historical anachronism. Yet, like Paine, Woodward had an unerring sense of the revolutionary moment, and of how historical evidence could undermine the mythological tradition that was crushing the dreams of new social possibilities. Martin Luther King, Jr., testified to the profound effect of The Strange Career of Jim Crow on the civil rights movement by praising the book and quoting it frequently.






1.      The “new pasts” mentioned inline 6 can best be described as the 【】
(A) occurrence of events extremely similar to pastevents
(B) history of the activities of studying,interpreting, and reading new historical writing
(C) change in people’s understanding of the pastdue to more recent historical writing
(D) overturning of established historicalinterpretations by politically motivated politicians
(E) difficulty of predicting when a givenhistorical interpretation will be overturned
2.      It canbe inferred from the passage that the “prevailing dogma” (line 10) heldthat 【 】
(A) Jim Crow laws were passed to give legal statusto well-established discriminatory practices in the South
(B) Jim Crow laws were passed to establish orderand uniformity in the discriminatory practices of different southern states
(C) Jim Crow laws were passed to erase the socialgains that Black people had achieved since Reconstruction
(D) the continuity of racial segregation in theSouth was disrupted by passage of Jim Crow laws
(E) the Jim Crow laws of the late nineteenth andearly twentieth centuries were passed to reverse the effect of earlier Jim Crowlaws
3.      Whichof the following is the best example of writing that is likely to be subject tothe kinds of “handicaps” referred to in line 27? 【】
(A) A history of an auto manufacturing plantwritten by an employee during an auto-buying boom
(B) A critique of a statewide school-desegregationplan written by an elementary school teacher in that state
(C) A newspaper article assessing the historicalimportance of a United States President written shortly after the President hastaken office
(D) A scientific paper describing the benefits of acertain surgical technique written by the surgeon who developed the technique
(E) Diary entries narrating the events of a battlewritten by a soldier who participated in the battle
4.      Thepassage suggests that C. Vann Woodward and Thomas Paine were similar in all ofthe following ways EXCEPT: 【 】
(A) Both had works published in the midst ofimportant historical events.
(B) Both wrote works that enjoyed widespreadpopularity.
(C) Both exhibited an understanding of therelevance of historical evidence to contemporary issues.
(D) The works of both had a significant effect onevents following their publication.
(E) Both were able to set aside worries abouthistorical anachronism in order to reach and inspire.
5.      Theattitude of the author of the passage toward the work of C. Vann Woodward isbest described as one of 【 】
(A) respectful regard
(B) qualified approbation
(C) implied skepticism
(D) pointed criticism
(E) fervent advocacy
6.   Which ofthe following best describes the new idea expressed by C. Vann Woodward in hisUniversity of Virginia lectures in 1954? 【】
(A) Southern racial segregation was continuous anduniform.
(B) Black people made considerable progress onlyafter Reconstruction.
(C) Jim Crow legislation was conventional innature.
(D) Jim Crow laws did not go as far in codifyingtraditional practice as they might have.
(E) Jim Crow laws did much more than merelyreinforce a tradition of segregation.

mahaofei001

1.      C       2.      D      3.      C       4.      E       5.      B    6.   E



Historians sometimes forgetthat history is continually being made and experienced before it is studied,interpreted, and read. These latter activities have their own history, ofcourse, which may impinge in unexpected ways on public events. It is difficultto predict when “new pasts” will overturn establishedhistorical interpretations and change the course of history.（第一题定位）

In the fall of 1954, for example, C. Vann Woodwarddelivered a lecture series at the University of Virginia which challenged theprevailing dogma concerning the history, continuity, and uniformity of racialsegregation in the South. He argued that the Jim Crow laws of the latenineteenth and early twentieth century’s not only codified traditional practicebut also were a determined effort to erase the considerable progress made byBlack people during and after Reconstruction in the 1870’s.（第二题和第六题的定位） This revisionist view of Jim Crow legislation grew in part from theresearch that Woodward had done for the NAACP legal campaign during itspreparation for Brown v. Board of Education. The Supreme Court had issued itsruling in this epochal desegregation case a few months before Woodward’slectures.

The lectures were soon published as a book, TheStrange Career of Jim Crow. Ten years later, in a preface to the second revisededition, Woodward confessed with ironic modesty that the first edition “had begunto suffer under some of the handicaps that might be expected in a history ofthe American Revolution published in 1776.”（第三题） That was a bit like hearing Thomas Paine apologize for the timingof his pamphlet Common Sense, which had a comparable impact. Although CommonSense also had a mass readership, Paine had intended to reach and inspire: hewas not a historian, and thus not concerned with accuracy or the dangers ofhistorical anachronism. （第四题定位） Yet, like Paine, Woodward had an unerring sense of therevolutionary moment, and of how historical evidence could undermine themythological tradition that was crushing the dreams of new socialpossibilities.Martin Luther King, Jr., testified to the profound effect of TheStrange Career of Jim Crow on the civil rights movement by praising the bookand quoting it frequently.






第一题，真心不知道怎么讲了。根据文章可以看出来是可以改变established historical interpretations 和 the course of history的。所以答案就有了。



第二题，此时需要以下取反。因为后面可以看出来woodward的态度是对哪儿法案是负评价的，所以选项应该是对它的正评价。这样就可以了。



第三题，类比题，就是选一个和文章出现的那句话差不多意思的句子。文中那句话是说，这种障碍类似于在1776的历史书中来评判独立战争。给人一种要在尘埃落定之后再去做评判的感觉。所以选项就有了。



第四题，定位下，就好。



第五题，态度题。这个感觉是对woodward的一种赞扬。因为最后引用了马丁路德金对他赞美的话。



第六题，先定位在推断下。定位点和第二题重复了。表明那个法案不仅仅是加剧了隔离政策。

mahaofei001

今天的越障是讲一种神奇物质石墨烯的。
我的越障一般都是从wiki上找的……
这几天有些忙，阅读解析全仰仗吧啦姐了，致敬！！

balapupu

捏哈~~~今天居然抢到你的沙发了~~哈哈~~还好你的解析不用我做~~我可以休息一下~~去补作业了~~今天有点注意力不集中。。。
1.1‘17’
2.1‘07’
3.56‘
4.1’25‘
5。1’24‘

xeyyxzty

1'12''1'01''
1'04''
1'46''
1'31''

5'38''
石墨呀~原子层面sp~分层的结构~研究呀研究~
最贵的材料...不太贵的材料...
好像有应用吧
看不懂呀~我的化学词汇都是基础中的基础呀

Jane412

占位，做完昨天就过来。。

铁板神猴

==继续占楼 无力地慢慢爬过来，今天超过12点没睡……

fox0923

53"
59"
1'12"
1'47"
1'24"

misun007

几乎每天都跟着阅读小分队做练习，但是感觉今天的这边文章很难，搜索的论坛里以前的帖子也没有讲得很细。不知道NN们可以再详细指教下不？比如，第二题，我觉得取反的话，A也可以成立，为什么是D呢？后来我查了下OG11,貌似大全上的答案是错的呀。。。
OG11上给的答案是：1、C 2、A 3、C 4、E 5、A 6、E

187167055

首页出现，唉，遇到了T和G一起准备的尴尬境地。。。