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发表于 2011-11-10 12:22:47
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MANHATTAN 笔记第六章：（六七章都好长~）
Chapter 6 Modifier
Modifier
Be on the look-out for opening modifiers, which appear at the beginning of a sentence. Many modifying phrases in GMAT sentences are separated by commas from the noun being modified.
1. Adjectives and Adverbs
a)Adjectives and adverbs are one-word modifiers. An adjective modifies only a noun or a pronoun, whereas an adverb modifies anything but a noun or pronoun. An adverb often modifies a verb, but it can also describe an adjective, another adverb, a preposition, a phrase, or even a whole clause.
Note: adjectives, not adverbs, follow linking verbs such as “feel”. These adjectives do not modify the verb but rather identify a quality with the noun subject.
EX. Amy is feeling good/ well. (good/well is an adjective that modifies the noun Amy.)
b)Often, the GMAT provides two grammatically correct phrasings.
For instance, one phrasing might be [Adjective+ Adjective+ Noun], in which the two adjectives both modify the noun.
The other phrasing would be [Adverb+ Adjective+ Noun], in which the adverb modifies the adjective, which in turn modifies the noun.
These two phrasings do not mean the same thing. Pick up the phrasing that reflects the author’s intent.
EX.1. Wrong: James Joyce is Max’s supposedly Irish ancestor.
Right: James Joyce is Max’s supposed Irish ancestor.
(Because we already know that JJ is an Irish, here we need “supposed” to modify “ancestor”.)
EX.2.Wrong: Max’s grandmother is his supposed Irish ancestor.
Right: Max’s grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor.
(Of course, Max’s grandmother is his ancestor, but we wonder whether she is Irish.)
c)Adjectives that have been observed alternating with their corresponding adverbs (in -ly) in released GMAT problems include corresponding, frequent; independent, rare, recent, seeming, separate, significant, supposed, and usual
(GMAT考试中seeming和seemingly同时出现一般选择seemingly)
2. Noun Modifier
Types of Noun Modifiers:
Adjective Relative Pronoun
Preposition Past Participle
Present Participle without commas (加逗号成为非限定性定从)
Another Noun (Appositive) (同位语)
All of these types can be used before or after a noun to modify that noun.
3.  osition of Noun Modifiers
a) Follow the Touch Rule: A Noun and its Modifier should TOUCH each other. If the modifier is next to a different noun, we have a Misplaced Modifier.
Ex. Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods.
(Here, which wrongly modifies house)
b) If the noun we want to modify is not even in the sentence, we have a Dangling Modifier. In this case, we should insert a reasonable noun as the noun modified by the modifier.
Ex. There was no commotion in the office, resigned to the bad news. (Wrong)
(Here, resigned should modify someone who can really be resigned to the bad news, not office)
→Resigned to the bad news, the office workers made no commotion. (Right)
c) A present participle (-ing form) at the beginning of a sentence is often made to be dangling. Although these forms are technically Verb Modifiers, they still need a noun subject that makes sense.
Ex. Using the latest technology, the problem was identified. (Wrong)
Using the latest technology, the engineer identified the problem. (Right)
NOTE: Unlike a noun modifier, a verb modifier does not have to touch the subject. However, the subject must make sense with the verb modifier used in this way.
d) Avoid long sequences of modifiers that modify the same noun. Putting two long modifiers in a row before or after a noun can lead to awkward or incorrect phrasing.
Ex. Wrong: George Carlin, both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.
Better: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.
(An even better alternative may be to rephrase the sentence so that one of the modifiers is no longer a modifier.)
Best: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin influenced and inspired a generation of comedians, even as he struggled publicly with drug abuse.
4. Watch Out For Possessives
Wrong: Unskilled in complex math, Bill’s score on the exam was poor.
Right: Unskilled in complex math, Bill did not score well on the exam.
NOTE: Do not ignore the noun development or other abstract nouns. They follow the same rules as all other nouns: Modifiers that touch them should be intended to modify them.
Wrong: Only in the past century has origami’s development, a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago, into a true art form taken place.
Right: Origami- a ceremony activity invented millennia ago- has developed into a true art form only in the past century.
5. Noun Modifiers with Relative Pronouns
a) The pronoun who and whom must modify people. On the other hand, the pronoun which must modify things.
b) The pronoun that cannot modify people.
c) The pronoun whose can either modify people or modify things.
Ex. GMAT: the town whose water supply was contaminated.
d) which or whom sometimes follow prepositions.
e) who is used as the subject of the verb in a relative clause, whereas whom is used as the object of the verb or of a preposition.
f) that or whom can be dropped when the modified noun is the object of the modifying clause.
g) The pronoun where can be used to modify a noun place, such as area, site, country, or Nevada. where cannot modify a “metaphorical” phrase, such as condition, situation, case, circumstance, or arrangement. In these cases, use in which rather than where.
h) The pronoun when can be used to modify a noun event or time. In these circumstances, you can also use in which instead of when.
6. Essential Vs. Non-essential Noun Modifiers
A) Essential Modifiers provide necessary information.
Ex. The mansion PAINTED RED is owned by the lees. (The modifier painted red is necessary to identify the mansion)
In contrast, Non-essential Modifiers provide extra information. You do not need this information to identify the noun, since it is already identified in some other way.
Ex. This mansion, RECENTLYPAINTED RED, is owned by the lees.
注意：第一例句the不可不加限定成分，第二例句this已经限定了。
B) ut commas between Non-essential modifiers and their nouns; Put no comma between essential modifiers and their nouns.
C) IF you have Choice between WHICH and THAT: Use which (and commas), if the modifier is non-essential; Use that (and no commas), if the modifier is essential.
NOTE: However, the GMAT has acknowledged that this WHICH/THAT differentiation is controversial, so the GMAT is unlikely to make this distinction the make-or-break issue for any answer choice.
In some circumstances, you do not have a simple choice between which and that. However, you should still obey the comma rule: Use commas with non-essential uses of which, but not with essential use of which.
Non-essential: This mansion, for which I yearn, is owned by the Lees.
Essential: The mansion for which I yearn is owned by the Lees.
7. Verb Modifiers
These modifiers answer questions about the verb, such as “how”, “when”, “where”, “why”, etc.
a) Types of Verb Modifiers: Adverb, Preposition, Subordinator
They all can be used either before the verb of after the verb.
b) Some verb modifiers may apply to both the verb and the verb’s subject. In these cases, you must make sure that the subject makes sense with the modifiers.
Types: Present Participle(-ing) with commas, Preposition+ Simple Gerund(动名词), Infinitive of purpose
Likewise, they all can be used either before the verb of after the verb.
c) Verb modifiers can be placed more freely than noun modifiers. However, you should always place a verb modifier so that it modifies the right verb, without ambiguous.
Ex. Wrong: The nameless symphony was at last performed, decades after it was composed, yesterday.
Right: The nameless symphony was at last performed yesterday, decades after it was composed.
(“yesterday” has been moved closer to the verb that ought to be modified.)
8. Which V.s the Present Participle –Ing
Use which only to refer to the noun immediately preceding it- never to refer to an entire clause.
Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, which has led to a rise in property value.
Right: The recent decrease in crime in our neighborhood has led to a rise in property value.
Right: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property value.
The -Ing form is very flexible. It can modify nouns directly (e.g., the changing seasons). It can modify verbs and their subjects (e.g., llifted the weight, whistling). It can even modify an entire clause as above, as long as the entire clause converted into a noun phrase could function as the subject of the verb that is now in -Ing form. |
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发表于 2011-11-8 06:53:19
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