分享：PREP2007RC两栏式word下载版本，更方便阅读和做题

wikifruit007

谢LZ

cyulost

嗯哼

hisunshine

ISSUE


The issue at hand, whether（about）……….., has in fact such a complex nature that in my view the speaker’s claim is overly simplistic, since there have hardly been any certain answers to this question, and the speaker unnecessarily extends his broad assertion to an irreversible extreme. My points of acceptance and contention with the speaker, on the whole, involve the basic and deep discussions as follows.


First of all, I agree with the speaker up to the point that …….(in consideration of) ….. Both common sense and our experiences in our daily life inform us that(举例)…...  In these situations, therefore, it is partially indisputable that……


In addition, I have to point out that the speaker’s contention amounts to an overstatement and fails to take into account other essential factors. The most compelling argument I find is that…One only need to look at (举例)..…. (Besides, another good example may be found in the case that…….)Thus another equally crucial aspect is that…..


Finally, it is probably true that in certain conditions……. Nonetheless, this alone does not constitute a sufficient support to claim that………. As a matter of fact, these cases are not common and hence too weak to strengthen this conclusion. When the advantages and disadvantages of and are carefully examined, the more striking conclusion is apparent that……….


To sum up, by taking into account all these factors discussed above, we may safely arrive at the conclusion that the premise…….. is specious at best;…（结论）..Nowadays more and more people share this belief.








ARGUMENT

The author draws the conclusion in this argument that…..To bolster the conclusion, the author point that/ cite statistics to show that…..( What’s more, he also reasons that…)While this argument, admittedly, appears to be acceptable on its face, meticulous scrutiny reveals that the conclusion is based on some dubious assumptions and the line of reasoning bears certain inevitable fallacies . The main problems of the argument would be discussed respectively.


In the first place,
In the second place,


(Finally, even when the arguer justifies all the foregoing assumptions, the conclusion remains to be doubtful for it fails to establish a causal connection between and  Without evidence to support the causal connection between these two events the consideration is still unwarranted.)


In sum, this argument is somewhat defective and hence is not reasonable and persuasive as it stands. Yet, to solidify the argument, the author must, at the very least, confirm that…. and should offer concrete evidence as well to demonstrate that…..before making this conclusion. Only with more logical line of reasoning could this argument become more than merely an emotional appeal.
       


一般来说，总是会有 one-sidedness, casual oversimplification




表举例
…..serve as a fitting and very public example
….illustrates this point as well


开头句
Another flaw that significantly undermines this argument is that the author neglects to indicate …
Another problem that seriously weakens the logic of this argument is that…



下面的攻击理由文字中，可能有部分过于罗嗦，大家自己修改吧。



Post hoc, ergo propter hoc  先因后果和同时因果都能用
The author has been engaged in “after this, therefore because of this” analysis in presuming that A is the sole cause behind B. / the author’s solution rests on the assumption that A is the cause of B..The only reason provided for believing that ….can …is that the former proceeded/coincide with that latter, and no additional evidence linking the two events is offered in this argument, thus leaving the possibility that the two events are not causally related but merely correlated. Many other prospective factors can bring about the same result. For instance……In this argument unfortunately, while temporal precedence/concurrence such as A is one of the conditions required to establish a causal relationship between two events, by itself it is not a sufficient condition. Thus it is groundless to attribute B to A.


False analogy  A 这样－〉Ｂ也这样
The author commits a fallacy of false analogy in assuming that A will achieve/have/suffer the same result as B, if A 像Ｂ那样做. Nevertheless the reasoning is questionable since similarity between A and B may not sufficient enough to substantiate the cliam. For example, ……  (Obviously the similarity/comparability between A and B is not proved, making the analogy untenable. In other words, there may be certain dissimilarity that precludes them from having a similar impact on….)/ Accordingly we can see that A and B are so dissimilar that A is unlikely to experience the same consequence if it adopts B’s strategies.


False dilemma  A or B 的选择，只选Ａ或Ｂ　
The author takes for granted that A and B are mutually two exclusive alternatives and there hardly is any room for a middle ground while offering no reason for imposing an either-or choice. Nevertheless the argument fails to rule out possibilities that adjusting A and B might bring about better results. In addition, the most effective solution may contain a more complex one of other factors--such as.. In any case, the author provides no justification for mutually exclusive choice mentioned above.


Hasty generalization      小集合－〉大集合　　特设－〉广泛
Misapplied generalization    大范围－〉小范围　特殊个体
One egregious reasoning flaw in this argument is the author’s use of evidence pertaining to particular/general group as the basis for a general/particular group. Since there is no strong reason to believe that the data drawn from particular/general is representative of the general/particular group, the evidence cited is not sufficient to make this claim valid. Without any more details, it is fallacious to reach any conclusion at all.


The author unfairly presuppose that 小范围中一个这样　suffices to infer 大范围也这样，for there are all kinds of crucial differences between 小范围and 大范围。It is just likely that …. Consequently for that matter, unless it can be shown that …is typical of all general group, the author cannot justify this recommendation that….and moreover, implementing the author’s suggestion might amount to poor advice.


Causal oversimplification   忽略其他导致结果的因素
The author’s line of reasoning is that ….produce…..However, while …is a seemingly critical factor contributing to determine …., it is hardly the only such factor. To establish a general causal relationship between …and …, other possibilities that could generate this effect must be considered and ruled out. For example, ….can also contribute to …..Lacking a more comprehensive analysis of the causes, it is presumptuous for the author to attribute B to A./ Without accounting for these potential factors, the author concludes too hastily that…




All things are equal　（相对于一件事情）
以前Ａ这样－〉现在或以后Ａ也这样　　在某地Ａ这样－〉在另外某地Ａ也会这样
the author takes for granted that …will remain/have remained the same at different times/locations. In this argument, however, it is not clear that whether 可能变化的东西. It is likely that the current conditions are wholly distinct for every possible reason. As a result, because the author fails to investigate or even consider other possible transformations, the conclusion is highly suspect.


One sidedness   某个决定有一个优点，就认为这是最好的，由这个决定代替原来的决定，而忽略了这个决定可能带来的其它缺点。作者假定了做这个决定不会牺牲原先决定的优势，适得其反。
The author relies on the dubious supposition that …can …without sacrificing the…. The line of reasoning fails to consider the benefits…might bring as well as the harm ..might occur. In fact,(这个决定的坏处) After assessing the situation more comprehensively, it may turns out that the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. Since the reasoning lacks a complete analysis of the condition, the forecast of …cannot be taken seriously




Appeal to ignorance  没有证据表明支持A就说A是不对的，没有证据反对A就说A是对的
The author assumes that all the people unhappy with AA will complain about it/ did not complain were satisfied with AA .Nonetheless, the evidence demonstrated is insufficient to support the conclusion. It is entirely possible that…. Without more concrete information about…the author’s assumption that…is questionable.


Doubtful survey/ information too vague
The statistical evidence in the argument is somewhat problematic since the poll cited by the author is, however, described in the vaguest possible terms: no details such as that how the poll was conducted and who responded have been indicated. Consider if thousands of people are surveyed but only several respond, then the results are worthless as evidence for…… Therefore, lacking these relevant information it is not possibly to assess whether this is the case as claimed.


Vested interest   攻击调查回应者的既得利益
We have strong reasons to question the neutrality and creditability of the survey made by…who may have vested interest, and therefore is inclined to manipulate the figures to his own advantage.


有STUDY必用
.the author unjustifiably relies on the studies that correlate … and… for he does not provide any evidence to confirm the reliability of the studies. While the expression “studies suggest” might appear to lend credibility to these statement, this expression is vague enough to actually render the claims worthless, in the absence of any information about them.

MargaretFun

谢谢楼主！

suronggou

thanks

holdieliel

感谢楼主 整理辛苦了

sun900804

thanks

sunny9281

3Q

浅吟天

我也很爱燕姿！！

sun900804

thanks~