倒计时一个月, 阅读加油!

RingXiao

学习学习别的CDer , 在网上Push自己的学习进度，还有最后一个月了，可是阅读的错误率居高不下，每日至少三篇以激励自己~
1。OG12
Jon Clark's study of the effect of the

modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange   提炼句子讲的是: Jon Clark's  study of... is a solid contribution to .. the history and maintenance work and workers is a solid                        sociology of technology
contribution to a debate that encompasses two                        围绕着历史和技术社会化两方面的辩论 技术社会化包括：技术的决定性和社会构造
(5)lively issues in the history and sociology of

technology: technological determinism and social  
constructivism.

Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a                C 的观点，他指出technology 的一些特性对job skills 以及work organization 有决定性的影响。
technology have a decisive influence on job skills  

technology can be a primary determinant of social　　　　　　更进一步的说，是技术对社会和管理组织来说是一个主要的决定因素。
and managerial organization. Clark believes this
possibility has been obscured by the recent
sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman's　　　

(15) analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery　　　　　　　　　是说Ｃ的这个观点在Ｂ　的分析里没有很明确的提出来，而Ｂ的分析强调了机械化反映了社会的reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of　　　　　的选择。他认为技术系统是附属于管理者的扭曲控制工人劳动力的欲望的
a technological system is subordinate to the
manager's desire to wrest control of the labor　　　　　　　　从这里可以看出Ｂ和Ｃ　的观点不一样。
process from the workers. Technological change is

(20) construed as the outcome of negotiations among
interested parties who seek to incorporate their own
interests into the design and configuration of the
machinery. This position represents the new
mainstream called social constructivism.　　　

(25)The constructivists gain acceptance by　　　基于歪曲技术决定论的基础上社会构造论得到了大多数人的认可
misrepresenting technological determinism:　
technological determinists are supposed to believe,
for example, that machinery imposes appropriate
forms of order on society. The alternative to

(30) constructivism, in other words, is to view technology
as existing outside society, capable of directly
influencing skills and work organization.

Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists　　Ｃ驳斥了极端建构主义者的理论和实证的论据
by both theoretical and empirical arguments.

(35) Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of　　　Ｃ定义了technology 　以下应该是Ｃ为了驳斥这两个论据做的事情
relationships between social and technical variables.
Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to
cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is
just scrap unless it is organized functionally and

(40) supported by appropriate systems of operation and
maintenance. At the empirical 经验上的 level Clark shows how
a change at the telephone exchange from
maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches
to semielectronic switching systems altered work

(45) tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration,
and organization of workers. Some changes Clark
attributes to the particular way management and
labor unions negotiated the introduction of the
technology, whereas others are seen as arising from

(50) the capabilities and nature of the technology itself.
Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is　
social choice decisive and when are the concrete
characteristics of technology more important?"

Questions 120-127 refer to the passage above.

120.The primary purpose of the passage is to



(A)advocate a more positive attitude toward
technological change

(B)discuss the implications for employees of the
modernization of a telephone exchange

(C)consider a successful challenge to the
constructivist view of technological change
　　是Ｃ对原来一个观点的挑战，　refute,
(D)challenge the position of advocates of
technological determinism

(E)suggest that the social causes of technological
change should be studied in real situations

121.Which of the following statements about the
modernization of the telephone exchange is supported
by information in the passage?  回到提起modernization of the telephone exchange 的那一段


(A)The new technology reduced the role of   文中并没有提及说ｒｅｄｕｃｅ．．．
managers in labor negotiations.

(B)The modernization was implemented without the
consent of the employees directly affected by it.　　

(C)The modernization had an impact that went　　文中说a change at the telephone exchange altered work task, skills...
significantly beyond maintenance routines.

(D)Some of the maintenance workers felt victimized
by the new technology.

(E)The modernization gave credence to the view of
advocates of social constructivism.

122.Which of the following most accurately describes
Clark's opinion of Braverman's position?
　回到Ｂ的那段，他说的是：他认为技术系统是附属于管理者的扭曲控制工人劳动力的欲望的



(A)He respects its wide-ranging popularity.

(B)He disapproves of its misplaced emphasis on　
the influence of managers.
　对，Ｃ不同意Ｂ，　Ｂ强调了ＭＡＮＡＧＥＲ的影响
(C)He admires the consideration it gives to the
attitudes of the workers affected.

(D)He is concerned about its potential to impede
the implementation of new technologies.

(E)He is sympathetic to its concern about the
impact of modern technology on workers.

123.The information in the passage suggests that which of
the following statements from hypothetical
sociological studies of change in industry most clearly
exemplifies the social constructivists' version of
technological determinism?



(A)It is the available technology that determines
workers' skills, rather than workers' skills
influencing the application of technology.

(B)All progress in industrial technology grows out
of a continuing negotiation between
technological possibility and human need.

(C)Some organizational change is caused by
people; some is caused by computer chips.

(D)Most major technological advances in industry
have been generated through research and
development.

(E)Some industrial technology eliminates jobs, but
educated workers can create whole new skills
areas by the adaptation of the technology.

124.The information in the passage suggests that Clark
believes that which of the following would be true if
social constructivism had not gained widespread
acceptance?



(A)Businesses would be more likely to modernize
without considering the social consequences of
their actions.

(B)There would be greater understanding of the
role played by technology in producing social
change.

(C)Businesses would be less likely to understand
the attitudes of employees affected by
modernization.

(D)Modernization would have occurred at a slower
rate.

(E)Technology would have played a greater part in
determining the role of business in society.

126.The author of the passage uses the expression "are
supposed to" in line 27 primarily in order to  



(A)suggest that a contention made by
constructivists regarding determinists is
inaccurate

(B)define the generally accepted position of
determinists regarding the implementation of
technology

(C)engage in speculation about the motivation of
determinists

(D)lend support to a comment critical of the
position of determinists

(E)contrast the historical position of determinists
with their position regarding the exchange
modernization

127.Which of the following statements about Clark's study
of the telephone exchange can be inferred from
information in the passage?



(A)Clark's reason for undertaking the study was to
undermine Braverman's analysis of the function
of technology.

(B)Clark's study suggests that the implementation
of technology should be discussed in the context
of conflict between labor and management.

(C)Clark examined the impact of changes in the
technology of switching at the exchange in
terms of overall operations and organization.

(D)Clark concluded that the implementation of new
switching technology was equally beneficial to
management and labor.

(E)Clark's analysis of the change in switching
systems applies only narrowly to the situation at
the particular exchange that he studied.

RingXiao

刚怕停留时间太长数据丢失，继续～
１２３问的是社会构造论者对technological determinism的认识，前面提到他们mispresenting
The alternative to (30) constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly
influencing skills and work organization

124
technology can be a primary
determinant of social and managerial organization.
In the following sentence, the passage states that
Clark believes that this possibility is obscured by the
recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman's
analysis (lines 12-15). After illustrating
Braverman's analysis, the passage then states that
it represents social constructivism.

感觉本篇文章，主要考了很多细节方面的东西，讲述的是两种观念，先是Ｃ的观念，然后引出Ｂ的观念，再说Ｃ不认同Ｂ的观念，还有Ｃ驳斥了两个论据。


看这种文章真的很头疼啊，坚持～　主赐予我力量吧，让我不要那么晕乎！

RingXiao

Line    Two works published in 1984 demonstrate            讲述两部作品,B 和L.
contrasting approaches to writing the history of
United States women. Buel and Buel's biography of    B 对把他的故事定位到妇女的近代历史内容中没有什么作用
Mary Fish (1736-1818) makes little effort to place
(5)   her story in the context of recent historiography on
women. Lebsock, meanwhile, attempts not only to     开始讲L 不仅怎么怎么样,而且还怎么怎么样了
write the history of women in one southern
community, but also to redirect two decades of
historiographical debate as to whether women
(10) gained or lost status in the nineteenth century as
compared with the eighteenth century. Although       尽管两部作品都给读者提供了对妇女的状态争论的机会,只有L 直接的这样做了??
both books offer the reader the opportunity to
assess this controversy regarding women's status,
only Lebsock's deals with it directly. She examines         她列举展示了不同方面的女人的状态, 对简化和解决问题有帮助
(15) several different aspects of women's status, helping
to refine and resolve the issues. She concludes that   她认为当女人有自主权的时候,特别是在私人领域,她们就会在许多方面失去经济权
while women gained autonomy in some areas,
especially in the private sphere, they lost it in many
aspects of the economic sphere. More importantly,   更重要的是她展示了争论本身依赖于参考标准: 很多方面,女人因为男人失去了很多(20) she shows that the debate itself depends on frame  权利
of reference: in many respects, women lost power
in relation to men, for example, as certain jobs        比如delivering babies, supervising school 这些工作就被男的做了。
(delivering babies, supervising schools) were taken
over by men. Yet women also gained power in         但是现在女的相对以前还是获得了一些权利， 比如在房地产中占的比例增高
(25) comparison with their previous status, owning a
higher proportion of real estate, for example. In         相反的，B 提供一些原始资料来质疑这样的情况， 一些历史学家也同意，
contrast, Buel and Buel's biography provides ample    
raw material for questioning the myth, fostered by  
some historians, of a colonial golden age in the         raw material of a colonial... 这些原始资料是殖民统治黄金时期的，
(30) eighteenth century but does not give the reader  但是没有给读者在争论女人状态的分析上太多指引。
much guidance in analyzing the controversy over
women's status.

RingXiao

这篇阅读相对简单，但是我还是错了两题，
77.    The author of the passage mentions the supervision of
schools primarily in order to
作者前面提到更重要的是她展示了争论本身依赖于参考标准: 很多方面,女人因为男人失去了很多，比如delivering babies, supervising school 这些工作就被男的做了。

(A)    remind readers of the role education played in
the cultural changes of the nineteenth century in
the United States
(B)    suggest an area in which nineteenth-century
American women were relatively free to exercise
power
(C)    provide an example of an occupation for which
accurate data about women's participation are
difficult to obtain
(D)    speculate about which occupations were
considered suitable for United States women of
the nineteenth century
(E)    illustrate how the answers to questions about   L认为the debate itself depend on frame of reference.
women's status depend on particular contexts

RingXiao

Line    Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth     M提出了一个理论: 冰河世纪的形成是因为地球围绕太阳的轨道的变化而形成的
century that the ice ages were caused by variations
in the Earth's orbit around the Sun. For some         但是以前一度认为M 的理论不可测试,主要因为没有足够精确的冰河世纪的年代表
time this theory was considered untestable,            可以与轨道变化匹配
(5) largely because there was no sufficiently precise
chronology of the ice ages with which the orbital
variations could be matched.
To establish such a chronology it is necessary         为了创建这样一个年代表, 确定land ice 的量是非常必要的。
to determine the relative amounts of land ice that
(10) existed at various times in the Earth's past. A recent  然后下文讲了land ice 的量可以通过氧16氧18的比例来计算
discovery makes such a determination possible:
relative land-ice volume for a given period can be
deduced from the ratio of two oxygen isotopes,
16 and 18, found in ocean sediments. Almost
(15) all the oxygen in water is oxygen 16, but a few
molecules out of every thousand incorporate the
heavier isotope 18. When an ice age begins, the
continental ice sheets grow, steadily reducing the
amount of water evaporated from the ocean that
(20) will eventually return to it. Because heavier isotopes       当水从海洋蒸发时，氧18留下来，所以剩下的海水里富含氧18
tend to be left behind when water evaporates
from the ocean surfaces, the remaining ocean
water becomes progressively enriched in oxygen
18. The degree of enrichment can be determined       这个含氧18的度数可以通过分析海里的沉淀物获得。
(25) by analyzing ocean sediments of the period,
because these sediments are composed of calcium      因为这些沉淀物里含有碳酸钙sheels, 一种海洋有机物
carbonate shells of marine organisms, shells that         贝壳由它从周围海水里吸收的氧原子组成。
were constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from
the surrounding ocean. The higher the ratio of            
(30) oxygen 18 to oxygen 16 in a sedimentary specimen,
the more land ice there was when the sediment
was laid down.
As an indicator of shifts in the Earth's climate,
the isotope record has two advantages. First, it is        
(35) a global record: there is remarkably little variation  从不同的地方取来的沉淀物的氧比例没有什么差异
in isotope ratios in sedimentary specimens taken
from different continental locations. Second, it is       从海水里取得沉淀物的记录比从陆地上取得的岩石里记录更为连续。
a more continuous record than that taken from
rocks on land. Because of these advantages,
(40) sedimentary evidence can be dated with sufficient
accuracy by radiometric methods to establish a
precise chronology of the ice ages. The dated
isotope record shows that the fluctuations in
global ice volume over the past several hundred
(45) thousand years have a pattern: an ice age occurs
roughly once every 100,000 years. These data have
established a strong connection between variations
in the Earth's orbit and the periodicity of the ice
ages.
(50)    However, it is important to note that other
factors, such as volcanic particulates or variations
in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth,
could potentially have affected the climate. The
advantage of the Milankovitch theory is that it
(55) is testable; changes in the Earth's orbit can be
calculated and dated by applying Newton's laws
of gravity to progressively earlier configurations
of the bodies in the solar system. Yet the lack of
information about other possible factors affecting
(60) global climate does not make them unimportant.