明天就考了，继续攒RP，阅读43英国地主完美匹配原文（已确认）

jackjack251

考古
第七篇中世纪经济恶化探源：庄园主（lord）和佃农（tenant）的关系
版本一acrophobia (V35)
这题的主旨是讨论为什么英国十四世纪时候生产力下降了呢？
ｐ１有老观念说是因为以前人的认为是lord只关心自己享乐不关心生产导致的（还以为法律规定了佃农没有自己土地所有权）
ｐ２使用了一个free serf的例子说明以上观点是错误的
ｐ３说access to land　的变化　才是生产力下降的真正原因　

版本二 scratte (V42)
第一段：传统的观点认为，lord给tenant，特别是serf tenant （隶属于lord的，给其交租纳贡的tenant），带来了极大的经济压力，因为tenant要交很高的税负，要孝敬lord，缺乏人身自由。但是，这一观点是不正确的。因为其一，有很大一部分是nonserf tenant，这些人只要交很低的钱，有很大的自由度，小日子还挺滋润；其二，即便是serf tenant，他们的生活也没有那么糟糕，他们还是有一定自主权的，诸如lord要增加税赋的时候，他们可以提出反对意见，并且有一定的力量。
第二段（还是第三段？不是很清楚了）：但是中世纪的经济还是恶化了，这是为什么呢？究其原因，是因为lord在表面上向tenant做了让步，使其获得短期经济利益，但是从长期来看，lord通过这些举措遏制了人口和经济的发展，并最终带来了社会环境的恶化。
这是一篇长阅读，我记得最后一个题目好像是我上面讲到的第二段，问你lord的这些举措是serve了谁的长期or短期利益？我从文章的理解是，serve the short terminterest of tenant but not the long term。大家碰到的话可以再看看。

问题有：7/6
Q1: 有主题题
Q2: 问作者在第二段提到free-tenant的作用
Q3: 问你lord的这些举措是serve了谁的长期or短期利益？
答：serve the short term interest of tenant but not the long term。也有答: 短期对领主有利，但不利于长期的经济发展。因为造成乡村的失业。大家小心。
考古 nowwsy！！谢谢  7/1
14世纪的有关英国封建领主的东西
新老观点型：关于封建领主影响英国经济长期发展的真正原因
1）传统观点。14世纪时人民的生活水平日益下降，甚至到了威胁生存的地步（开头句）。接着说了英国lord和tenant的关系，tenant的生活如何疾苦，如何受lord剥削控制，以至于他们的关系像是master和serf（农奴）。学者们还认为这些地主好吃懒做，表现在很重视眼前的享受和消费，而不在乎长远的发展，所以经济一直处于投资不足的状态（underinvestment），还说了一些其它因素，这些都妨碍了宏观经济的发展。
2）新证据。虽然老观点有着很大的吸引力（作者用了compelling），但是它越来越不能回答近期发现的一些新证据（主题句）。老观点忽视了（overlook）另一个不同于lord和tenant的新人群：free tenant。他们不是serf，不受地主的人身控制，只用按一个较低的fixed  rate缴纳租金。最后提到其实tenant也不是原来想的那样软弱无力，他们已经能够组织起来和地主negotiate rate。
3）进一步的补充。为了应付tenant想多租地扩大自身利益的欲望，地主想出了一系列方法。。。,生词很多，看不太懂。。。结果就是造成巨大的 unemploymentin rural area. 地主的这种做法相当于对经济的一个“brake”，阻碍了14世纪的英国经济发展。（有题，说地主的做法对谁有利？选项里都分了从长期看和从短期看，两方面讨论）[推测：短期对领主有利，但不利于长期的经济发展。因为造成乡村的失业]感觉第三段可能是对第一段经济学家的反驳，说这才是阻碍经济发展的真正原因，当然这只是我个人的看法。

超完美匹合原文版bycamelo777
Any analysis ofwhy the early fourteenth-century agrarian economy was so predisposed to'crisis' necessarily requires careful consideration of class and propertyrelations on the land, for, as Robert Brenner and S. H. Rigby have bothemphasized, these could be of decisive importance.7At that time landlordsexercised feudal rights of lordship over their tenants, many of whom were ofservile status and therefore legally subordinate to their lords. This powerrelationship shaped the tenurial relationship between those who owned the landand those who occupied and worked it. Thus it was tenure, as regulated bylandlords, that determined the supply of holdings and the form and level ofrents that were charged. Until recently it was widely believed that feudaltenurial relationships sanctioned and facilitated the extra-economicexploitation of tenants by their lords. Together, the heaviness of rent chargesand the arbitrariness of lordship discouraged and depressed tenant investmentin agriculture.8Meanwhile, lords were more interested in pursuing a feudallifestyle of conspicuous consumption than in enhancing the productivity andprofitability of their estates.9The upshot, it has been claimed, was a viciouscircle of underinvestment, static technology, and low and decliningagricultural productivity.10

Such pessimisticviews of lords and their relations with their tenants have long exercised acompelling appeal.15 Nevertheless, they have become increasingly difficult toreconcile with a growing body of historical evidence. The preoccupation withserfdom overlooks the numerous free tenants who were exempt from the mostcoercive aspects of lordship.16Free tenants mostly paid fixed and low rents andtheir property rights enjoyed the protection of the royal courts。The more substantial customarytenants were, in fact, relatively well off 。 Many of these tenants certainly paid a proportion of their rent inlabour, but historians, probably because of a modern abhorrence of theinstitution of forced labour, have exaggerated its economic significance. Inreality, only a minority of tenants actually performed labour services, and theaggregate value of rents in cash far exceeded that of rents in kind.21Notwithstanding the much-vaunted powers of lordship, tenants had long beenremarkably effective at opposing efforts by lords to raise rents and increaselabour services in line with rising land values and commodity prices.22They didso by countering seigniorial power with custom and denying that, as tenants,they were obliged to pay their lords anything more than a de facto ground rentfor the land. Tenant right, in fact, often proved more powerful than landlordright.

As this articleargues, the fact that so many tenants were in such conspicuous economicdifficulties by the early fourteenth century had less to do with feudallordship per se and the supposed oppressions and inequalities of serfdom, thanwith the contradictions and inefficiencies inherent in the coexistence ofcustomary, contractual and commercial relationships. Herein lay the real sourceof the agrarian problem in the early fourteenth century. In so far as lordswere the inadvertent agents of this adverse state of affairs, it was becausetheir dealings with their tenants were typically more compliant than coercive.By yielding to tenant demands for access to land on terms that were sofavourable to the tenants, lords created the preconditions for the subdivisionand subletting that stoked population growth and thereby engendered the ruralcongestion that was the source of so much under- and unemployment, with all thenegative consequences that this implies for labour productivity, livingstandards and purchasing power. This deteriorating situation in the countrysideacted as a brake upon the continued growth of the economy and, from 1315, leftincreasing numbers ever more cruelly exposed to the heightened risk ofenvironmental hazard
附上bale的中文版
Para1：
B：傳統的觀點認為，lord給tenant，特別是serf tenant （隸屬於lord的，給其交租納貢的tenant），帶來了極大的經濟壓力，因為tenant要交很高的稅負，要孝敬lord，缺乏人身自由。
Para2：
P：但是，這一觀點是不正確的，雖然老觀點有著很大的吸引力（作者用了compelling），但是它越來越不能回答近期發現的一些新證據（主題句）。
S：因為其一，有很大一部分是non serf tenant，這些人只要交很低的錢，有很大的自由度，小日子還挺滋潤；其二，即便是serftenant，他們的生活也沒有那麼糟糕，他們還是有一定自主權的，諸如lord要增加稅賦的時候，他們可以提出反對意見，並且有一定的力量。
Para3:
S：但是中世紀的經濟還是惡化了，這是為什麼呢？究其原因，是因為，為了應付tenant想多租地擴大自身利益的欲望，地主想出了一系列方法。。。,生詞很多，看不太懂。。。結果就是造成巨大的 unemploymentin rural area. 地主的這種做法相當於對經濟的一個“brake”，阻礙了14世紀的英國經濟發展。lord在表面上向tenant做了讓步使tenant獲得短期經濟利益，但是從長期來看，lord通過這些舉措遏制了人口和經濟的發展，並最終帶來了社會環境的惡化。

小情歌璇

谢楼主~顶~

sophiazihan

偶也明天考····一起加油·······不过你们都好厉害~~能考古，我都没怎么做GWD阅读啥的，总是不想看···哎···

jackjack251

嗯！加油！哎。。。没办法，逼出来的，不考古明天去战场就死了。。。阅读是软肋呀

41394437

楼主 这个原文有被确认过么？

jackjack251

在考古里被确认过。考古还未被确认，但是我根据这个月与6月题库的重复率推测应该就是这篇

rachelarong

加油加油！！我也明天

lizzy709

就是这篇 我来确认下 要是能早点看到就好了！！！题目都没变啊！！！

四丢比

谢啦 顶之~

tina035

真厉害。。不过这篇也忒长了吧