贴出今天做的几篇大全RC总结，望各位NN指正~~~

半阙

Passage 30 (30/63)
Since the early 1970’s, historians have begun to devote serious attention to the working class in the United States. Yet while we now have studies of working-class communities and culture,
we know remarkably little of worklessness.[微软中国1] When historians have paid any attention at all to unemployment, they have focused on the Great Depression [微软中国2]of the 1930’s. The narrowness of this perspective ignores[微软中国3] the pervasive recessions and joblessness of the previous decades, as Alexander Keyssar shows in his recent book. Examining the period 1870-1920, Keyssar concentrates onMassachusetts[微软中国4], where the historical materials are particularly rich, and the findings applicable to other industrial areas.
The unemployment rates that Keyssar calculates appear to be relatively modest, at least by Great Depression standards: during the worst years, in the 1870’s and 1890’s, unemployment was around 15 percent.[微软中国5]Yet Keyssar rightly understands that a better way[微软中国6] to measure the impact of unemployment（Q4）is to calculate unemployment frequencies—measuring the percentage of workers who experience any unemployment in the course of (in the course of: adv.在...期间) a year. Given this perspective, joblessness looms much large[微软中国7]r. 主要说测量失业影响的方法

Keyssar also scrutinizes unemployment patterns according to skill level, ethnicity, race, age, class, and gender. He finds that rates of joblessness differed primarily according to class（Q6）: those in middle-class and white-collar occupations were far less likely [微软中国8]to be unemployed. Yet [微软中国9]the impact of unemployment on a specific class was not always the same. Even when dependent on the same trade, adjoining communities could have dramatically different unemployment rates. Keyssar uses these differential rates to help explain [微软中国10]a phenomenon that has puzzled historians—the startlingly high rate [微软中国11]of geographical mobility in the nineteenth-century United States.（Q8）But[微软中国12] mobility was not the dominant working-class strategy for coping with unemployment, nor was assistance from private charities or state agencies. Self-help and the help of kin got most workers through jobless spells[微软中国13].K发现那些不同rates解释了很高频率的19世纪美国的人口迁移

While Keyssar might have spent more time developing the implications of his findings on joblessness for contemporary public policy, his study, in its thorough research and creative use of quantitative and qualitative evidence, is a model of historical analysis.

1.The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) recommending [微软中国14]a new course of investigation
(B) summarizing and assessing a study
(C) making distinctions among categories
(D) criticizing the current state of a field（B）

(E) comparing and contrasting two methods for calculating data
2.The passage suggests that before the early 1970’s, which of the following was true of the study by historians of the working class in the United States?
(A) The study was infrequent or superficial, or both.
(B) The study was repeatedl[微软中国15]y criticized for its allegedly narrow focus.
(C) The study relied more on qualitative than quantitative [微软中国16]evidence.
(D) The study focused more[微软中国17] on the working-class community than on working-class culture.（A）

(E) The study ignored [微软中国18]working-class joblessness during the Great Depression.
3.According to the passage, which of the following is true of Keyssar’s findings concerning unemployment in Massachusetts?
(A) They tend to contradict earlier findings about such unemployment.
(B) They are possible because Massachusetts has the most easily accessible historical records.
(C) They are the first to mention the existence of high rates of geographical mobility in the nineteenth century.
(D) They are relevant to a historical understanding of the nature of unemployment in other states[微软中国19].（D）

(E) They have caused historians to reconsider the role of[微软中国20] the working class during the Great Depression.
4.According to the passage, which of the following is true of the unemployment rates mentioned in line 15[微软中国21]?
(A) They hovered, on average, around 15 percent during the period 1870-1920.[微软中国22]
(B) They give less than a full sense of the impact [微软中国23]of unemployment on working-class people.
(C) They overestimate the importance of middle class and white-collar unemployment.[微软中国24]
(D) They have been considered by many historians [微软中国25]to underestimate the extent of working-class unemployment.（B）

(E) They are more open[微软中国26] to question when calculated for years other than those of peak recession.




5.Which of the following statements about the unemployment rate during the Great Depression can be inferred from the passage?
(A) It was sometimes higher than 15 percent.
(B) It has been analyzed seriously only since the early 1970’s.
(C) It can be calculated more easily than can unemployment frequency.
(D) It was never as high as the rate during the 1870’s.（A）

(E) It has been shown by Keyssar to be lower than previously thought.
6.According to the passage, Keyssar considers which of the following to be among the important predictors of the likelihood that a particular person would be unemployed in late nineteenth-century Massachusetts?
I.The person’s class
II.Where the person lived or worked
III.The person’s age
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) I and III only（C）

(E) I, II, and III
7.The author views Keyssar’s study with
(A) impatient disapproval
(B) wary concern
(C) polite skepticism
(D) scrupulous neutrality（E）

(E) qualified admiration
8.Which of the following, if true, would most strongly support Keyssar’s findings as they are described by the author?
(A) Boston, Massachusetts, and Quincy
, Massachusetts, adjoining communities, had a higher rate of unemployment for working-class people in 1870 than in 1890.(B) White-collar professionals such as attorneys had as much trouble as day laborers in maintaining a steady level of employment throughout the period 1870-1920.
(C) Working-class women living in Cambridge, Massachusetts, were more likely than working-class men living in Cambridge
to be unemployed for some period of time during the year 1873.(D) In the 1890’s, shoe-factory workers moved away in large numbers from Chelmsford, Massachusetts, where shoe factories were being replaced by other industries, to adjoining West Chelmsford, where the shoe industry flourished.（D）

(E) In the late nineteenth century, workers of all classes in Massachusetts were more likely than workers of all classes in other states to move their place of residence from one location to another within the state.


[微软中国1]不足之处


[微软中国2]记住出现位置


[微软中国3]这种做法的缺陷


[微软中国4]记住出现位置


[微软中国5]注意这句话的意思：失业率相对来说还是比较谦虚的，至少按大萧条的标准：……那就说明在大萧条时，失业率＞15%（Q5）


[微软中国6]注意：更好的测量失业影响的方法


[微软中国7]注意比较级


[微软中国8]注意比较级


[微软中国9]注意转折——失业影响在各个class不总是相同，即使相同贸易中，也未必相同


[微软中国10]注意explain的内容


[微软中国11]注意语气很强烈


[微软中国12]注意转折


[微软中国13]帮助工人度过失业期的不是…而是…


[微软中国14]没有推荐什么


[微软中国15]没说


[微软中国16]最后一段才有提到，不可能是此处答案


[微软中国17]无此比较


[微软中国18]反了——是focus


[微软中国19]与other industries 的同义转换


[微软中国20]没说


[微软中国21]注意定位在何处，极端定位法


[微软中国22]时间错，1870——1890


[微软中国23]所以后面才会有，yet,一个更好的方案


[微软中国24]第三段内容，不会在此处出现


[微软中国25]整个第二段都没提到


[微软中国26]无此比较




这篇也错了好多~~~

半阙

Passage 16 (16/63) (OG--07)
In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for (sue for: v.
控告) damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. In contrast[微软中国1], less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three-year-old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $750,000. 对比的现象
The transformation in social values implicit in juxtaposing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizer’s excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child（Q4）.During the nineteenth century[微软中国2], she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy（Q2） gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless.” Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education (compulsory education: n.义务教育) laws [微软中国3]predicated in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo[微软中国4].19世纪与20世纪对比，economic value VS emotional value

For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. The gradual erosion of children’s productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factors critical[微软中国5] in changing the assessment of children’s worth. Yet[微软中国6] “expulsion of children from the ‘cash nexus (cash nexus: 金钱关系, 现金(交易)关系),’ although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures,” Zelizer maintains, “was also part of a cultural process ‘of sacrelization’ of children’s lives.” Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth -century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace.解释第二段，孩子价值转变的原因

In stressing the cultural determinants of a child’s worth, Zelizer takes issue with[微软中国7] practitioners of the new “sociological economics,[微软中国8]” who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely [微软中国9]in terms of their economic determinants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual “preferences,” these sociologists tend to view all human behaviors as directed primarily by[微软中国10] the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer is highly critical of this approac[微软中国11]h, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their “exchange” or “surrender”[微软中国12] value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater.延伸——Z与那些socialogists（为钱是图）观点不同

1.It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in America during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the
(A) earnings of the person at time of death
(B) wealth of the party causing the death
(C) degree of culpability of the party causing the death
(D) amount of money that had been spent on the person killed（A）

(E) amount of suffering endured by the family of the person killed
2.It can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800’s [微软中国13]children were generally regarded by their families as individuals who
(A) needed enormous amounts of security and affection
(B) required constant supervision while working
(C) were important to the economic well-being of a family
(D) were unsuited to spending long hours in school（C）

(E) were financial burdens assumed for the good of society
3.Which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value of children would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are described in the passage?
(A) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because parents began to increase their emotional investment in the upbringing of their children.
(B) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century [微软中国14]because their expected earnings over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.
(C) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because the spread of humanitarian ideals resulted in a wholesale reappraisal of the worth of an individual.
(D) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsory education laws reduced the supply, and thus raised the costs, of available child labor.（B）

(E) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because of changes in the way negligence law assessed damages in accidental death cases.
4.The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) review the literature in a new academic sub-field[微软中国15]
(B) present the central thesis of a recent book
(C) contrast two approaches to analyzing[微软中国16] historical change
(D) refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon（B）

(E) encourage further work on a neglected historical topic
5.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following statements was true of American familiesover the course of the nineteenth century?[微软中国17]
(A) The average size of families grew considerably.
(B) The percentage of families involved in industrial work declined dramatically.
(C) Family members became more emotionally bonded to one another.
(D) Family members spent an increasing amount of time working with each other.（C）

(E) Family members became more economically dependent on each other.
6.Zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of children’s worth EXCEPT changes in[微软中国18]
(A) the mortality rate
(B) the nature of industry
(C) the nature of the family
(D) attitudes toward reform movements[微软中国19]（D）

(E) attitudes toward the marketplace
7.Which of the following would be most consistent with the practices of sociological economics [微软中国20]as these practices are described in the passage?
(A) Arguing that most health-care professionals enter the field because they believe it to be the most socially useful of any occupation
(B) Arguing that most college students choose majors that they believe will lead to the most highly paid jobs available to them[微软中国21]
(C) Arguing that most decisions about marriage and divorce are based on rational assessments of the likelihood that each partner will remain committed to the relationship
(D) Analyzing changes in the number of people enrolled in colleges and universities as a function of changes in the economic health of these institutions（B）

(E) Analyzing changes in the ages at which people get married as a function of a change in the average number of years that young people have lived away from their parents
[微软中国1]考点



[微软中国2]注意时间，19世纪的economic 观念VS现在emotional无价的观念


[微软中国3]改革


[微软中国4]改革的assumption:孩子的情感价值使child labor 被禁止考点


[微软中国5]注意这些改变孩子价值的关键因素考点


[微软中国6]Yet用在几个列举之后还有表示更进一步的意思


[微软中国7]争论


[微软中国8]注意这些new …


[微软中国9]极端化表达


[微软中国10]注意by


[微软中国11]注意态度AW-，Z反对这种principle of maximizing economic gain


[微软中国12]“”表示AW-


[微软中国13]即19世纪早期


[微软中国14]注意时间，这个时候的观念还是economic value


[微软中国15]鬼扯


[微软中国16]没有


[微软中国17]说的是19世纪这个进程中，人们变得情感上更相互依赖，说的是这个过程，正是这样的过程，才有了20世纪那样的结果。一定要看清题目！！！


[微软中国18]第三段定位


[微软中国19]不是第三段内容


[微软中国20]类比题


[微软中国21]一切向钱看

半阙

Passage 15 (15/63)(OG--06)
In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent of the Black population of the United States left the South, where the preponderance of the Black population had been located, and migrated to northern states[微软中国1], with the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1916 and 1918. It has been frequently assumed, but not proved[微软中国2],（Q6 ）that the majority of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas[微软中国3] and were motivated by two concurrent factors[微软中国4]: the collapse of the cotton industry following the boll weevil (boll weevil: n. 棉籽象鼻虫) infestation, which began in 1898, and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that [微软中国5]the migrants’ subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.从南往北的Black population 大迁移，来自农村的人以及原因

But the question of who actually left the South has never been [微软中国6]rigorously investigated. Although numerous investigations document an exodus from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration, no one has considered whether the same migrant[微软中国7]s then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000 Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force, reported themselves to be engaged in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits,” the federal census（Q1） category roughly encompassing the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue[微软中国8] that an employed population could be enticed to move（Q2）, but an explanation [微软中国9]lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South.提出质疑，以及预期反对，引出解释

About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery—blacksmiths, masons, carpenters—which had had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being pushed out by competition, mechanization, and obsolescence. The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly developed industries—tobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. Wages in the South, howeve[微软中国10]r, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press, that they could earn more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. After the boll weevil infestation, urban Black workers faced competition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs. Thus,[微软中国11] a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed, and the easy conclusion[微软中国12]（Q5）（tying their subsequent economic problems in the North to their rural background ）comes into question. 解释：这些迁移者来自城市有稳定工作的人，解释原因

1.The author indicates explicitly that which of the following records has been a source of information in her investigation?
(A) United States Immigration Service reports from 1914 to 1930
(B) Payrolls of southern manufacturing firms between 1910 and 1930
(C) The volume of cotton exports between 1898 and 1910
(D) The federal census of 1910（D）

(E) Advertisements of labor recruiters appearing in southern newspapers after 1910
2.In the passage, the author anticipates which of the following as a possible objection[微软中国13] to her argument?
(A) It is uncertain how many people actually migrated during the Great Migration.
(B) The eventual economic status of the Great Migration migrants has not been adequately traced.
(C) It is not likely that people with steady jobs would have reason to move to another area of the country.
(D) It is not true that the term “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits” actually encompasses the entire industrial sector.（C）

(E) Of the Black workers living in southern cities, only those in a small number of trades were threatened by obsolescence.
3.According to the passage, which of the following is true of wages in southern cities in 1910?
(A) They were being pushed lower as a result of increased competition.
(B) They had begun t to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers.
(C) They had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workers.
(D) They had increased in large southern cities but decreased in small southern cities.（A）

(E) They had increased in newly developed industries but decreased in the older trades.
4.The author cites each of the following as possible influences in a Black worker’s decision to migrate north in the Great Migration EXCEPT
(A) wage levels in northern cities
(B) labor recruiters
(C) competition from rural workers
(D) voting rights in northern states（D）

(E) the Black press
5.It can be inferred from the passage that the “easy conclusion” mentioned in line 53 is based on which of the following assumptions?
(A) People who migrate from rural areas to large cities usually do so for economic reasons.
(B) Most people who leave rural areas to take jobs in cities return to rural areas as soon as it is financially possible for them to do so.
(C) People with rural backgrounds are less likely to succeed economically in cities than are those with urban backgrounds.
(D) Most people who were once skilled workers are not willing to work as unskilled workers.（C）

(E) People who migrate from their birthplaces to other regions [微软中国14]of country seldom undertake a second migration.
6.The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) support an alternative to an accepted methodology[微软中国15]
(B) present evidence that resolves a contradiction
(C) introduce a recently discovered source of information
(D) challenge a widely accepted[微软中国16] explanation（D）

(E) argue that a discarded theory deserves new attention
7.According to information in the passage, which of the following is a correct sequence of groups of workers, from highest paid to lowest paid, in the period between 1910 and 1930?
(A) Artisans in the North; artisans in the South; unskilled workers in the North; unskilled workers in the South
(B) Artisans in the North and South; unskilled workers in the North; unskilled workers in the South
(C) Artisans in the North; unskilled workers in the North; artisans in the South
(D) Artisans in the North and South; unskilled urban workers in the North; unskilled rural workers in the South（C）

(E) Artisans in the North and South, unskilled rural workers in the North and South; unskilled urban workers in the North and South
8.The material in the passage would be most relevant to a long discussion of which of the following topics?
(A) The reasons for the subsequent economic difficulties of those who participated in the Great Migration
(B) The effect of migration on the regional economies of the United States following the First World War
(C) The transition from a rural to an urban existence for those who migrated in the Great Migration
(D) The transformation of the agricultural South following the boll weevil infestation（A）

(E) The disappearance of the artisan class in the United States as a consequence of mechanization in the early twentieth century
[微软中国1]现象：Black population 由南迁北


[微软中国2]注意这种表述


[微软中国3]Frequently 被假设这个大迁移来自农村的人


[微软中国4]两个因素


[微软中国5]注意结论：大迁移来自农村生活背景的人（不熟悉城市生活& 缺乏产业技能）考点


[微软中国6]注意预期强烈地表述


[微软中国7]发出质疑？


[微软中国8]预期反对考点


[微软中国9]对预期反对的解释：labor condition不同考点


[微软中国10]注意转折考点


[微软中国11]注意结论


[微软中国12]是指“大迁移来自农村生活背景的人”


[微软中国13]第二段预期反对


[微软中国14]范围错


[微软中国15]太绝对


[微软中国16]即文中“frequently assumed”的同义替换

edwinwos

thx

twwzx

2.The passage supplies information that would answer which of the following questions?
(A) What federal agencies have set percentage goals for the use of minority-owned businesses in public works contracts?
(B) To which government agencies must businesses awarded federal contracts report their efforts tofind minority subcontractors?
(C) How widespread[微软中国8] is the use of minority-owned concerns as “fronts” by White backers seeking to obtain subcontracts?
(D) How many more minority-owned businesses were there in 1977 than in 1972?（E）

(E) What is one set of conditions under which a small business might find itselffinancially overextended?

我想问一下这这道题怎么去找答案，如果看每个选项再文章找会花很长时间