目标终达成。谢谢所有人。

qingqian

前面三战都败了。
知耻而后勇。

-- by 会员 qingqian (2011/9/10 17:07:19)

咱们结伴备考吧，我刚刚注册了10月15日北美的考试，结伴效率高哈还能互相督促

-- by 会员 rachelxfr (2011/9/11 11:44:20)

好！加油！！

qingqian

哈哈 可以开给四站群了 我也是四战啊  QQ310405793~~  开了加我啊.

-- by 会员 C擦亮眼 (2011/9/12 22:50:05)

加油！
你什么时候考啊？

qingqian

之前一直都零零散散掉了！
今天开始步入正轨！

qingqian

听一段关于动物行为课堂的材料。(TPO8-1)
好，上节课我们谈论了关于被动行为选择，比如，植物并不自己主动决定在哪里生长。他们最开始是依靠一些其他媒介，包括风。如果生长的地方是很适宜的居住地，他们就会很好的繁殖。具有主动选择的生物会physically选择哪里生长和繁殖。因为动物的繁殖地十分重要，所以我们认为动物对某一类型的栖息地的存在偏好——让他们的后代最大可能的生存下来的地方。我们可以通过几个例子来理解这种偏好行为。但首先让我们来回顾一下，什么是栖息地？Frank？恩，它基本上就是生物生活和生长的地方或者环境。对。像我们讨论过的，栖息地必须包含很多重要的元素：食物，水，适宜的天气，动物自我保护的空间。我们可以看到如果这些条件之一被去掉对动物对选择栖息地产生的重大影响。比如栖息地的构造。我刚刚读了关于sb，the plover. P居住在海边，并且以贝类，昆虫以及植物为食。它和沙子混在一起，所以他们很容易伪装在沙子之上。他们在沙子浅表层产卵，由于缺少保护，所以如果沙滩上有人或者狗，蛋就会很脆弱。由于人类对加州海边的大量开发，P在当地成为了濒危物种。所以，建立新的P栖息地是重点。他们把人工制造的沙滩放在人和狗无法接近的地方，那些地方P的数目就很快增长起来了。好，这就是关于居住地变得不大好的例子。那如果是动物在两个适宜的栖息地中做清晰的选择呢？比如此时偏好很重要吗？我们来看蓝色Warbler.蓝色Warbler是居住在北美的S。他们很明显地倾向于拥有坚硬木头的森林，这里面还有丛林（在树下面）。他们实际上在灌木丛而不是在树上筑巢，所以他们离地面很近。不过他们也在拥有低密度灌木丛的森林里筑巢。对年轻的Warbler更是如此，因为高密度灌木丛已经被老的Warbler占领了。对于栖息地的选择似乎能反映出繁殖的成功与否。那些在高密度灌木丛的，老的有经验的W产生后代的数目明显高于那些选择低密度灌木丛的W。这说明，选择在哪里筑巢确实能对后代数目产生影响。但是被偏好的环境并不一定总是能使大量成功繁殖。比如，在欧洲有一项对于black CAPS warblers的研究,我们就称其为black caps。BC能在两个地方被发现，他们倾向于栖息在小溪流边。然而，他们也会住在离水很远的Pine森林。研究实验了这两个地方繁衍后代的成功率，结果很出人意料的是，这两个地方（首选和次选地）的成功率基本上相同。为什么呢？可以证明，住在河边的bc数目是住在森林的4倍，所以河边有密度更大的bc，这意味着同一物种的更多成员要对资源进行竞争。依赖同一种食物，或者在同一个地方筑巢，降低了首选栖息地（甚至是被偏好的）的适宜程度。研究结果表明当首选栖息地的竞争者达到某一程度，使得次选栖息地的繁衍成功率达到与首选栖息地一致，只是因为次选栖息地有相对更少的同类竞争者。似乎对资源的竞争程度是另一个决定某一类居住地是否适宜的重要因素。

qingqian

Listen to the lecture in the animal behavior class.
Ok, well, last time we talked about passive animal selection. Like plants, for example, they don’t make active choices about where to grow. They are just first by some other agents like the wind. And if seeds land in the suitable habitat, they do well and reproduce. With active habitat selection, an organism is able to physically choose where to breed and live. And because of animals’ breeding habitat is so important, we’d expect animal species to develop preferences for particularly types of habitats. Places where their offspring has best chance of survival. So let’s look at what the effects have by looking at some of the examples. But first, let’s recap. What do we mean by ‘habitat’, Frank?
Well, it’s basically the place or environment where organism normally lives and grows.
Right and as we’ve discussed, there are some key elements for the habitat must contain: Food, obviously, water, and it’s gonna have right climate and spaces for physical protection. And we see how important the habitat selection is when we look at habitats where some of these factors were removed perhaps habitat structure. I just read about the shoreberg, the plover.
The plover lives by the ocean and feeds on small shellfish, insects and plants. It blends in with sand so it well camouflage for the predator birds above. But it lays its eggs in shallow depressions in the sand with very little protection around them. So if there are people or dogs on the beach, the eggs and nests are really vulnerable. Outing California where there has been a lot of human development by the ocean, the plover’s now a threatened species. So conservation is trying to create new habitat for them. They made artificial beaches and sand bars in areas inaccessible to people and dogs. And plover population is up quite a bit in these areas.
Ok, that’s instance where habitat is made less suitable. But now what about cases where animal exhibits clear choice between two suitable habitats. In case like that, does the preference matter? Well, let’s look at the blue warbler.
The blue warbler is a s that lives in the North America. They clearly prefer hard wood forests with dense shrubs, bullshits underneath the trees. They actually nest in the shrubs not the trees, so they are pretty close to the ground. But these warblers also nest in the forests that have low shrub density. It is usually the younger warblers nesting in these areas because the preferred spots where there are a lot of shrubs are taken by the older more dominate birds. And the choice of habitat seems to affect reproductive success. The older, more experienced birds who nest in the high density shrub areas have significantly more offspring than those in low density areas which suggest that the choice of where to nest does have impact on the numbers of chicks they have. But preferred habitat doesn’t always seem chorally with great reproductive success. For example, studies have just been done about blank cap warbler. We just call them black caps. The black cap can be found in two different areas. Their preferred habitat is forests near the edges of streams. However, black caps also live in pinewoods away from water. Studies have been done on the reproductive success rate for the birds in both areas. And result showed surprisingly that the reproductive success rate was essentially the same in both areas-the preferred and the second choice habitat. Well, why? It turned out that there are actually four times as many bird pairs or couples living to the stream edge area compare to the area away from the stream. So the stream edge area had much denser population which meant more members of the same species competing for resources. Wanting to feed on resources or build their nests in the same places lower the suitability of the prime habitat even though it’s their preferred habitat. So the results of studies suggest that when the number of competitors in prime habitat reaches a certain point, the second rank habitat has the as successful as the prime habitat just because there are few more members of same species living there. So it looks like competition for resources is another important factor in determining if particular habitat is suitable.

qingqian

Community service is an important component of education in university. We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before they graduate. A new community program, called one-on-one, helps elementary students from fallen behind. The educational majors might be especially interested in it because it offers opportunities to do some teaching that is tutoring in Math and English. You'd have to volunteer two hours a week for one semester. You can choose to help a child with Math, English or both. Half our lessons are fine, so you can do half an hour each subject two days a week. Professor Dulge would act as a mentor to the tutors. He would be available to help you with lesson plans or you offer suggestions to the activities.He has office hours every Tuesday or Thursday afternoon. You can sign up for the program with him and begin the tutoring next week. I am sure you will enjoy this community service and you will gain valuable experience at same time. It looks good on your resume too showing that you had experience with children and that you cared about community. If you would like to sign up or you have any questions, stop by Professor Dulges this week.

参考文本：
Community service is an important component of education here at our university. We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before they graduate. A new community program called "One On One" helps elementary students who've fallen behind. You education majors might be especially interested in it because it offers the opportunity to do some teaching—that is, tutoring in math and English. You'd have to volunteer two hours a week for one semester. You can choose to help a child with math, English, or both. Half-hour lessons are fine, so you could do a half hour of each subject two days a week. Professor Dodge will act as a mentor to the tutors—he'll be available to help you with lesson plans or to offer suggestions for activities. He has office hours every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon. You can sign up for the program with him and begin the tutoring next week. I'm sure you'll enjoy this community service and you'll gain valuable experience at the same time. It looks good on your resume, too, showing that you've had experience with children and that you care about your community. If you'd like to sign up, or if you have any questions, stop by Professor Dodge's office this week.

qingqian

I hope you all have finished reading assigned chapters on insurance so that you have prepared for our disscussion today. But before we start, I'd like to mention few things your text doesn't go into.
It's interesting to note that insurance has existed in some farm for a very long time. The earliest insurance policies were what we called bottery contracts. They provided shipping protection for emergencies far back as 3000 B.C. In general, the contracts were often no more than verbal agreements. They granted loans to emergence with the understanding that if the particular shipment of goods was lost in the sea, the good didn't have to be repaid. Interest on the loans vary according to how risky it was to transport the goods. During periods of heavy piracy at sea, for example, the amount of interest stands the cost of policy went up considerably. So you can see how insurance help to encourage international trade. Even the most conscious emergence became willing to risk shipping their goods over long distances, not to mention in hazard weather conditions when they had this kind of protection available. Generally speaking, the basic form of insurance policy has been pretty much the same since the middle ages. There are four points that were sale then and remain pair amount all policies today. These were outline in chapter 6, and were service the basis for the rest of today's discussion. Can anyone tell me what one of those points might be?

I hope you've all finished reading the assigned chapter on insurance so that you're prepared for our discussion today. But, before we start, I'd like to mention a few things your text doesn't go into. It's interesting to note that insurance has existed in some form for a very long time. The earliest insurance policies were what we called bottomry contracts. They provided shipping protection for merchants as far back as 3000 B.C. In general, the contracts were often no more than verbal agreements. They granted loans to merchants with the understanding that if a particular shipment of goods was lost at sea, the loan didn't have to be repaid. Interest on the loans varied according to how risky it was to transport the goods. During periods of heavy piracy at sea, for example, the amount of interest and the cost of the policy went up considerably. So, you can see how insurance helped encourage international trade. Even the most cautious merchants became willing to risk shipping their goods over long distances, not to mention in hazardous weather conditions when they had this kind of protection available. Generally speaking, the basic form of an insurance policy has been pretty much the same since the Middle Ages. There are four points that were salient then and remain paramount in all policies today. These were outlined in chapter six and will serve as the basis for the rest of today's discussion. Can anyone tell me what one of those points might be?

ran1026

之前和你聊过呢，小美女。申请的时候都会过分看重这些，其实其实gmat成绩真的够用就行了