哪位高人帮忙解释下这段话和这两道题啊

kittenalways

The Japanese model was often invoked as one in which authority decentralized to the shop floor empowered production workers to make key decisions.  What these claims failed to recognize was that the actual delegation of authority was to the foreman, not the workers.  The foreman exercised discretion over job assignments, training, transfers, and promotions; worker initiative was limited to suggestions that fine-tuned a management-controlled production process.  Rather than being proactive, Japanese workers were forced to be reactive, the range of their responsibilities being far wider than their span of control.
# For example, the founder of one production system, Taichi Ohno, routinely gave department managers only 90 percent of the resources needed for production.  As soon as workers could meet production goals without working overtime, 10 percent of remaining resources would be removed.  Because the "OH! NO!" system continually pushed the production process to the verge of breakdown in an effort to find the minimum resource requirement, critics described it as "management by stress."#
##里面不理解啊

kittenalways

The author of the passage mentions the "OH! NO!" system primarily in order to

(A) indicate a way in which the United States industry has become more like the Japanese auto industry
(B) challenge a particular misconception about worker empowerment in the Japanese auto industry
(C) illustrate the kinds of problem-solving techniques encouraged by company unions in Japan
(D) suggest an effective way of minimizing production costs in auto manufacturing
(E) provide an example of the responsibilities assumed by a foreman in the Japanese auto industry
B

Question #51.  561-06    (23685-!-item-!-188;#058&000561-06)

It can be inferred that the author of the passage sees which of the following as the primary advantage to companies in implementing the "OH! NO!" system?

(A) It permitted the foreman to take initiative.
(B) It minimized the effort required to produce automobiles.
(C) It ensured that production costs would be as low as possible.
(D) It allowed the foreman to control the production process.
(E) It required considerable worker empowerment to achieve managers' goals.
C

kittenalways

求助啊

dayuyunhai

resources 指工人的人数或其它资源。
As soon as workers could meet production goals without working overtime, 10 percent of remaining would be removed. 一旦工人们能在不加班的情况下完成生产任务，那么就会削减工人人数的10%。
就是说，始终让九个人做十个人的事，给每个人压力。

dayuyunhai

一项工作需要十个人，那么只给你九个人。一旦这九个人能在不加班的情况下完成工作，那么这剩下的九人中的10%也将被削减。不断追求最少的人数。批评者认为这是压力管理。

dayuyunhai

The Japanese model was often invoked as one in which authority 【decentralized过去分词修饰authority】 to the shop floor 【empowered从句的谓语，主语是authority】 production workers to make key decisions.

miocat

原文结构：
1st Paragraph:
日本：工会受公司摆布-->一次没听话-->领导开会开出工会领导
对比：在美国1979年以后也有这样过，但是比较困难，因为所有公司联合起来，而且工头不准参加
2nd Paragraph:
often被误解的观点：认为日本工会权利下方-->反驳观点：
举例：其实工头在压榨工人等产出消耗更少的资源（也就是省钱了）Oh no system

所以50题oh no system 就是为了反驳（challenge）观点（misconsecption）的举例
Q51问这样的工会对公司有什么好处，自然就是省钱了；B的错误在于effort这个概念和resources requirement并不对等，而resources 更应该与成本联系，更何况公司的最大目标就是make profit--增加sales revenue||cut costs

helenran

miocat 发表于 2012-3-8 22:07
原文结构：1st Paragraph:日本：工会受公司摆布-->一次没听话-->领导开会开出工会领导对比：在美国1979年以 ...

谢谢高人，明白了