基本完美匹配考古，苏联生物学家达尔文进化论疑似院温放出~

camelo777

Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen（简称S）was a Soviet evolutionary biologist working at the Academy of Sciences in Minsk. In the 1940's his book "Factors of Evolution" appeared and was denounced（谴责, 告发, 通告废除） by T.D. Lysenko, whose neo-Lamarckian（这是L这个人的理论） theories of genetics were then on the ascendancy（ 统治权,  支配力量). At the close of the 1948 Congress of the Timiryazev Academy of Agricultural Science it was revealed that Stalin had endorsed Lysenko's report to the Congress in which it was affirmed that the environment can alter the hereditary makeup of organisms in a directed way by altering their development。(斯大林都表示支持，可见L的理论在苏联的地位，L认为环境可以直接影响遗传）

In the West, Lysenko's views were simply dismissed.（在西方不受重视）But Schmalhausen could not ignore the Lysenko agenda which insisted on a more complex interpenetration of heredity and environment than genetics generally recognized. （这里讲因为大家都认可L的理论，所以S也不能无视）Along with Marxist and progressive scientists in the west such as C.D. Waddington in the UK, he accepted rather than ignored the challenge. As a result he developed a more sophisticated approach to these interactions which explained the observations of some of the better studies cited by Lysenkoists。

Schmalhausen argued that natural selection was not only directional, producing new adaptations to new circumstances, but stabilizing. That is, if a characteristic of a species causes it to be well adapted, then random variation in the characteristic caused by external or internal disturbances would reduce the fitness of the organism, so natural selection will operate to prevent such disturbances（这里讲了S支持natural selection的理由）

Schmalhausen’s realization that natural selection operates to change the sensitivity of physiology and development to perturbations, but that this selection operates only under the usual and normal range of environmental and genetic variations experienced by the species in its evolution, leads to a result with very wide implications. That result, which we shall call “Schmalhausen’s Law”（这个理论是S最著名的理论）, is that when organisms are living within their normal range of environment, perturbations in the conditions of life and most genetic differences between individuals have little or no effect on their manifest physiology and development, but that under severe or unusual general stress conditions even small environmental and genetic differences have major effects

非常匹配考古原文，大家可以看一下bale的考古贴，基本匹配原文！！！！！！

绝对可以当做背景资料来看！！基本可以应付考试！！！！大家认真看下吧，考试的内容不会出这个范围了~（我觉得哈~）

以下是具体网址，大家要有时间可以看一下，主要是前面几段，到最后就开始讲现在了。这已经是我根据考古资料整理出来的最简洁的内容了，原文实在是太长了=。=
anyway,6月的XDJM加油 ：）
http://richardlevins.com/writings/2009/10/28/schmalhausens-law.html

camelo777

貌似段落的顺序跟考古不太一样，但是我认为是考试的时候稍稍调整了一下顺序，内容应该是一致的~

许愿池艳遇

谢谢LZ啦，14号考，沙发

camelo777

赶紧看看，基本就是原文了~  ：）

staceyfff

哇惊喜~感谢LZ！！！

camelo777

kristencen

LZV5~太清晰了~

yaowu

THanks so very much

ccmoom

感谢！

ccmoom

感谢！