lsat 18 (1.2) questions

1stzhang

[face=Georgia]20. An examination of corruption provides the basis for rejecting the view that an exact science of society can ever be constructed. As with all other social phenomena that involve deliberate secrecy, it is intrinsically impossible to measure corruption, and this is not merely due to the fact that social science has not yet reached its goal, achievable to be sure, of developing adequate quantifying techniques. If people were ready to answer question about their embezzlements and bribes, it would their embezzlements and bribes, it would mean that these practices had acquired the character of legitimate, taxable activities and had ceased to be corrupt. In other words, corruption must disappear if it is to be measurable.

Which one of the following most accurately states a hidden assumption that the author must make in order to advance the argument above

(A) Some people believe that an exact science of society can be constructed.

(B) The primary purpose of an exact science to quantify and measure phenomena

(C) An intrinsic characteristic of social phenomena that involve deliberate secrecy is that they cannot be measured.

(D) An exact science of social phenomena that involve deliberate secrecy cannot be constructed.

(E) An exact science can be constructed only when the phenomena it studies can be measured.


这个题目原文读的比较晕,答案是对了,还是觉得思路不是那么清楚!2请点拨一下原文和解题思路!答案是D



This country does not need any more restrictions on pollution. In fact, we should abolish those that are currently on the books. In spite of various restrictions, pollution levels have actually increased over the past 40 years. Most importantly, dramatic statistics show that, as pollution levels have increased over this period, the general health of the population has improved rather than deteriorated.

21. Which one of the following assertions, if true, provides the most effective challenge to the author's conclusion?

(A) The general health of this country's population has improved over the past 40 years primarily because of new advances in medicine and nutrition, not because of pollution.

(B) There are several countries in the would in which there have been no restrictions on which there have been no restrictions on pollution over the past 40 years, and pollution levels have actually increased.

(C) Similar statistics show that, in several countries, the general health of the population has improved over the past 40 years, while pollution levels have actually decreased.

(D) Pollution levels would have increased even more than they have and the general health of the population would not have improved as much as it has without the restrictions that have been on the books.

(E) In the period prior to the past 40 years, pollution restrictions were nonexistent in this country and the general health of the population improved at a far slower rate than it did during the past 40 years.

这个题目我觉得A/D对原文都有削弱作用,当时我选的是 A,答案D.大牛们请谈谈看法！



23. In metropolitan areas, almost 60 percent of all fires are set by children, while in rural areas about 40 percent are A psychological survey discovered that all children who play with fire believe that there will be no consequences if their parents catch them doing it.

Which one of the following inferences can be most reliably drawn from the passage above?

(A) Most children who believe there will no consequences if they are discovered playing with fire do play with fire.

(B) Parents who discover their children playing with fire will prevent those children from playing with fire in the future.

(C) If parents have successfully instilled in their children the belief that there will be consequences if they are caught playing with fire, these children have not been among those playing with fire.

(D) Children who play with fire attach no sense of right or wrong to this action.

(E) Most children who do not play with fire believe there will be consequences if their parents discover them playing with fire.

这个题目我觉得答案都说的不是那么好！答案是C,是如何从原文推出来的呢？[/face]

[此贴子已经被作者于2003-6-3 18:59:28编辑过]

1stzhang

ding,逻辑牛牛们，快帮我看看！

lyricling

1,答案是E吧，你是不是看错了？
首句是结论：corruption的例子证明 exact sience of society 不能建立。
首句后都是在讲有关corruption 的现象是如何的不可measure.

选项E是假设：only when=only if ,其条件式是　construct exact science →phenomena can be measured.(A→B),其逆否命题成立，也即phenomena can not be measured → exact science can not be constructed (非B→非A)

将这个假设填进原文，则有既然corruption 的现象不可measure（非B），那么exact sience of society 不能建立（非A）

当然，本题还有一个gap,那就是corruption　与 science of society之间需要架桥。

2，原文推理如下：

证据：即使污染上升，健康水平也在上升
结论：没必要进一步控制污染
weaken：应进一步控制污染

这个推论有一个隐含的条件：即使污染上升，健康水平也在上升　→　“污染没有降低健康水平”，由“污染没有降低健康水平” →　没必要控制污染

A：健康水平的上升是由其它原因造成的　→　污染上升与健康水平上升无关，　污染上升与健康水平上升无关，推不出需要进一步控制污染。

D：if不进一步控制污染，then 污染会上升得更厉害，健康水平也不会有如此大上升 → 污染的确阻碍了健康水平的上升　→　应进一步控制污染（weaken）

3，
原文起作用的就是最后一句：

if 玩火的小孩，then 认为被父母抓到正在玩火不会有什么不良后果。
A→B（A：玩火小孩　B：被父母抓到没什么）

C项：ir 父母成功向小孩灌输，被父母抓到玩火有不良后果（即小孩认为被父母抓到正在玩火有不良后果）（非B）→不是玩火的小孩（非A）

原文的逆否命题。