跪求帮助，询问几道OG考题

gegefdt606

刚刚整理了OG的24篇阅读，有两道题目不懂，希望牛人给解答解答。1道是宇宙爆炸那篇的117题，还有1道是荷尔蒙那篇的129题，还有倒数第三篇Jon Clark`s study实在是看不懂， 有木有好心人发下文章解释啊，真的是看的头大。先谢谢各位了~~~

gegefdt606

怎么都没人解答，是我问的问题太弱智了吗？？跪求帮助啊~~

witchingwang

你要把题目贴上来，不然nn是不愿意去翻书的

gegefdt606

谢谢楼上的，我就奇怪怎么没人回复，我马上把题目发上来，感激不尽啊！！！

gegefdt606

117题：

The authors`suggestion that"as much as 90 percent of the mass of the university is not radiating at any wavelength with enough intensity to be detected on the Earth"(lines 34-37) would be most weakened if which of the following were discovered to be true?

(a) Spiral galaxies are less common than types of galaxies that contain little nonluminous matter.
(b) Luminous and nonluminous matter are composed of the same basic elements
(c) The bright unclues of a typical spiral galasy also contains some nonluminous matter.
(d) The dendity of the observable universe is greater than most previous estimates have suggested.
(e）Some galaxies do not rotate or rotate too slowly for their rotational velocity to be measured.


129. The passage suggests that the place of hupothalamic hormones in the hormonal hierarchies of animals is similar to be the place of which of the following in plants?

(a) Plant cell walls
(b)The complement of genes in each plant cell
(c) A subset of a plant cell`s gene complement
(d) The five major hormones
(e) The oligosaccharins

希望牛人帮帮忙啊。。。。。。。

boozy

你还指望NN们回头找书看原文吗？跪求得一点诚意都没有。

gegefdt606

After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe is expanding, it became reasonable to ask: Will the universe continue to expand inde?nitely, or is there enough mass in it for the
(5) mutual attraction of its constituents to bring this expansion to a halt? It can be calculated that the critical density of matter needed to brake the expansion and “close” the universe is equivalent to three hydrogen atoms per cubic meter. But the
(10) density of the observable universe—luminous matter in the form of galaxies—comes to only a fraction of this. If the expansion of the universe is to stop, there must be enough invisible matter in the universe to exceed the luminous matter in density
(15) by a factor of roughly 70.
Our contribution to the search for this “missing matter” has been to study the rotational velocity of galaxies at various distances from their center of rotation. It has been known for some time that
(20) outside the bright nucleus of a typical spiral galaxy luminosity falls off rapidly with distance from the center. If luminosity were a true indicator of mass, most of the mass would be concentrated toward the center. Outside the nucleus the rotational
(25) velocity would decrease geometrically with distance from the center, in conformity with Kepler’s law. Instead we have found that the rotational velocity in spiral galaxies either remains constant with increasing distance from the center or increases
(30) slightly. This unexpected result indicates that the falloff in luminous mass with distance from the center is balanced by an increase in nonluminous mass.
Our ?ndings suggest that as much as 90
(35) percent of the mass of the universe is not radiating at any wavelength with enough intensity to be detected on the Earth. Such dark matter could be in the form of extremely dim stars of low mass, of large planets like Jupiter, or of black holes,
(40) either small or massive. While it has not yet been determined whether this mass is suf?cient to close the universe, some physicists consider it signi?cant that estimates are converging on the critical value.

117题：

The authors`suggestion that"as much as 90 percent of the mass of the university is not radiating at any wavelength with enough intensity to be detected on the Earth"(lines 34-37) would be most weakened if which of the following were discovered to be true?

(a) Spiral galaxies are less common than types of galaxies that contain little nonluminous matter.
(b) Luminous and nonluminous matter are composed of the same basic elements
(c) The bright unclues of a typical spiral galasy also contains some nonluminous matter.
(d) The dendity of the observable universe is greater than most previous estimates have suggested.
(e）Some galaxies do not rotate or rotate too slowly for their rotational velocity to be measured.

gegefdt606

All the cells in a particular plant start out with the same complement of genes. How then can these cells differentiate and form structures as different as roots, stems, leaves, and fruits? The
(5) answer is that only a small subset of the genes in a particular kind of cell are expressed, or turned on, at a given time. This is accomplished by a complex system of chemical messengers that in plants include hormones and other regulatory molecules.
(10) Five major hormones have been identi?ed: auxin, abscisic acid, cytokinin, ethylene, and gibberellin. Studies of plants have now identi?ed a new class of regulatory molecules called oligosaccharins.
Unlike the oligosaccharins, the ?ve well-known
(15) plant hormones are pleiotropic rather than speci?c; that is, each has more than one effect on the growth and development of plants. The ?ve have so many simultaneous effects that they are not very useful in arti?cially controlling the growth of
(20) crops. Auxin, for instance, stimulates the rate of cell elongation, causes shoots to grow up and roots to grow down, and inhibits the growth of lateral shoots. Auxin also causes the plant to develop a vascular system, to form lateral roots, and to
(25) produce ethylene.
The pleiotropy of the ?ve well-studied plant hormones is somewhat analogous to that of certain hormones in animals. For example, hormones from the hypothalamus in the brain stimulate the anterior
(30) lobe of the pituitary gland to synthesize and release many different hormones, one of which stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex. These hormones have speci?c effects on target organs all over the body. One hormone stimulates
(35) the thyroid gland, for example, another the ovarian follicle cells, and so forth. In other words, there is a hierarchy of hormones.
Such a hierarchy may also exist in plants. Oligo-saccharins are fragments of the cell wall released
(40) by enzymes: different enzymes release different oligosaccharins. There are indications that pleiotropic plant hormones may actually function by activating the enzymes that release these other, more speci?c chemical messengers from the cell wall.

129. The passage suggests that the place of hupothalamic hormones in the hormonal hierarchies of animals is similar to be the place of which of the following in plants?

(a) Plant cell walls
(b)The complement of genes in each plant cell
(c) A subset of a plant cell`s gene complement
(d) The five major hormones
(e) The oligosaccharins

gegefdt606

谢谢楼上的指点。我真的是很有诚意的。希望各位NN帮帮忙。谢谢。