[越毒] 贰月贰拾伍开始阅读汇总（共61篇 update 3/24/09:40pmBJTime）

helenwangtiger

xiexie

clair1024

谢谢LZ!!~~~~~~LZ辛苦了~

李子木

越读JJ第37篇
如果JJ主人回忆正确的话，我没记错的话，GWD上有篇讲到恐龙恒温的

具体文章。。。sorry。。。备战在即

应该是GWD上的！！！而且好像是十几套的。。。TN-24的版本。。。

但愿我没有记错吧。。。

李子木

找到了

文章这里不贴上来啦（如果lz要的话，短信撒）

GWD-9-Q33-Q36 G-9-Q33-Q36

TN-24的版本

maggie02

Monarch butterflies cross the Appalachians from the west to recolonize the east coast of North America
Nathan G. Miller1,*, Leonard I. Wassenaar2, Keith A. Hobson2 and D. Ryan Norris1
Each spring, millions of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) migrate from overwintering sites in Mexico to recolonize eastern North America. However, few monarchs are found along the east coast of the USA until mid-summer. Brower (Brower, L. P. 1996 J. Exp. Biol. 199, 93–103.) proposed that east coast recolonization is accomplished by individuals migrating from the west over the Appalachians, but to date no evidence exists to support this hypothesis. We used hydrogen (δD) and carbon (δ13C) stable isotope measurements to estimate natal origins of 90 monarchs sampled from 17 sites along the eastern United States coast. We found the majority of monarchs (88%) originated in the mid-west and Great Lakes regions, providing, to our knowledge, the first direct evidence that second generation monarchs born in June complete a (trans-) longitudinal migration across the Appalachian mountains. The remaining individuals (12%) originated from parents that migrated directly from the Gulf coast during early spring. Our results provide evidence of a west to east longitudinal migration and provide additional rationale for conserving east coast populations by identifying breeding sources.
蝴蝶那篇不知道是不是这个

tuyouqian

谢谢像LZ，LZ等辛苦啦

李子木

恐龙那篇：（37）

Scientists studying the physiology of dinosaurs have long debated whether dinosaurs were warm- or cold-blooded. Those who suspect they were warm-blooded point out that dinosaur bone is generally fibro-lamellar in nature; because fibro-lamellar bone is formed quickly, the bone fibrils, or filaments, are laid down haphazardly. Consistent with their rapid growth rate, warm-blooded animals, such as birds and mammals, tend to produce fibro-lamellar bone, whereas reptiles, which are slow-growing and cold-blooded, generally produce bone in which fibrils are laid down parallel to each other. Moreover, like the bone of birds and mammals, dinosaur bone tends to be highly vascularized, or filled with blood vessels. These characteristics, first recognized in the 1930’s, were documented in the 1960’s by de Ricqlès, who found highly vascularized, fibro-lamellar bone in several groups of dinosaurs. In the 1970’s, Bakker cited these characteristics as evidence for the warm-bloodedness of dinosaurs. Although de Ricqlès urged caution, arguing for an intermediate type of dinosaur physiology, a generation of paleontologists has come to believe that dinosaur bone is mammalianlike. In the 1980’s, however, Bakker’s contention began to be questioned, as a number of scientists found growth rings in the bones of various dinosaurs that are much like those in modern reptiles. Bone growth in reptiles is periodic in nature, producing a series of concentric rings in the bone, not unlike the growth rings of a tree. Recently, Chinsamy investigated the bones of two dinosaurs from the early Jurassic period (208-187 million years ago), and found that these bones also had growth rings; however, they were also partially fibro-lamellar in nature. Chinsamy’s work raises a question central to the debate over dinosaur physiology: did dinosaurs form fibro-lamellar bone because of an innately high metabolic rate associated with warm-bloodedness or because of periods of unusually fast growth that occurred under favorable environmental conditions? (Although modern reptiles generally do not form fibro-lamellar bone, juvenile crocodilesraised under optimal environmental conditions do.) This question remains unanswered; indeed, taking all the evidence into account, one cannot make a definitive statement about dinosaur physiology on the basis of dinosaur bone. It may be that dinosaurs had an intermediate pattern of bone structure because their physiology was neither typically reptilian, mammalian, nor avian.

GWD-9-Q33 G-9-Q33:
The author of the passage would be most likely to agree that the “caution” (line 29) urged by de Ricqlès regarding claims about dinosaur physiology was
A.    unjustified by the evidence available to de Ricqlès
B.    unnecessary, given the work done by Bakker and his followers
C.    indicative of the prevailing scientific opinion at the time
D.    warranted, given certain subsequent findings of other scientists
E.    influential in the recent work of Chinsamy
----------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-9-Q34 G-9-Q34:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A.    discuss the influence on other scientists of Bakker’s argument concerning the warm-bloodedness of dinosaurs
B.    provide evidence that supports the claim that dinosaurs were cold-blooded
C.    challenge the contention that dinosaur bone tissue is innately fibro-lamellar
D.    evaluate the claim that dinosaur bone tissue provides evidence for the warmbloodedness of dinosaurs
E.    resolve the disagreement between de Ricqlès and Bakker over the nature of dinosaur physiology
----------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-9-Q35 G-9-Q35:
According to the passage, the discovery of growth rings in the bones of certain dinosaurs served to undermine which of the following claims?
A.    That modern reptiles are related to dinosaurs
B.    That bone growth in dinosaurs was periodic in nature
C.    That dinosaurs were warm-blooded
D.    That dinosaurs had an intermediate type of physiology
E.    That fibro-lamellar bone is the product of a rapid growth rate
----------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-9-Q36 G-9-Q36:
The author of the passage mentions bone growth patterns in juvenile crocodiles most likely in order to


A.    provide support for the argument that reptiles are not related to dinosaurs
B.    undermine the claim that most reptiles are slow-growing
C.    offer an explanation as to why juvenile crocodiles differ from most modern reptiles
D.    suggest the juvenile crocodiles have a type of physiology intermediate between-f mammals and that of reptiles
E.    suggest that the presence of fibro-lamellar bone does not resolve the debate over dinosaur physiology

fogywind

common economy那题，我觉得如果和鱼像的话应该是air吧，都是会被影响的。鱼大家都捕，就没了，空气大家都污染，也完了，阳光是没有这种属性的，而且照在太阳能板上的阳光也不是大家共有的。这样理解对吗？

thebeekeeper

34篇，我搜“乌龟听力”搜到的：

近日，编者在总结GMAC阅读基金时，再次发现重复出现的考题，这次的题目是：乌龟听力，以下是各位考友的基金：
版本一
"第四篇是讲乌龟能不能听见空气传播的声音
第一段，历史上两个人关于乌龟是不是聋子的研究，做了实验，把乌龟放一桌子上然后桌上的铃铛响了，乌龟有反应，可是别的桌上的铃铛响乌龟没反应，所以这个人就觉得乌龟是通过桌子传振而感觉到了所以才有反应，所以他们听是通过皮肤的触觉
第二段，现代的新研究发现，直接敲龟壳他们也有反应，所以觉得不是皮肤传播而是通过骨头传播的声音他们就能听到
第三段，解释为什么乌龟不能听到空气传播的声音的原因，因为他们的eardrum和人类的不一样，人类的很薄，他们的很厚，所以基本上通过空气传播的声音是无法通过耳鼓感知到的，而通过骨头则可以，因为这样就先到达了中耳和内耳，让乌龟听到了声音

版本二
"一段说大多人都认为乌龟是聋子，听不见声音，结果有个A人做个试验通过打铃或吹哨子（好像是，记不清了）来训练乌龟吃饭；然后K人反驳，说乌龟实际听不见，是玲放在了桌子上，乌龟感觉到了震动，当放到空中（air-bell）打铃时，实际还是聋子。后来又有一批人研究出了乌龟能听到一些low vibrant sound. 但是归根结底还是没弄清是怎么听见的。         这段有题，问假如K发现乌龟还能听到air-bell时会得出何种结论，我选的是则乌龟能听见声音，E项是断定乌龟不是靠桌子上的震动来感知的。
二段说又有个人觉得K的结论也不对，因为乌龟的四肢组织肥厚，应该不容易感到震动，他做了个试验，把振动器放在龟壳上，发现乌龟反映很明感，立即缩入龟壳，于是他认为是乌龟听到声音在不同介质中的效果不同，难怪乌龟只能听到low vibrant sound. 在空气中声音被抵消掉很多，传到乌龟耳朵里就微乎其微
三段说乌龟为什么会这样呢，解释说他耳朵构造eardrum与人类不一样，人比较薄，但它的要厚，所以空气传播的声音乌龟不容易听到，（有考题）但是声音在龟壳中传播乌龟就能听到，因为sound will reach the inner and middle passage of ear before reaching the eardrum，而龟壳正好连接着中耳那一部分，所以它能够听见声音。

版本三
"第一段，提出一个现象，讲了研究的历史背景，有个科学家吧乌龟放到一个桌子上，给它一个声音，它有反应，但后来发现如果那个声音不是因为震动接触到乌龟皮肤，乌龟是不会有反应的。（这块有个逻辑题，好像是问weaken 的）　
第二段，解释这个现象，说了乌龟是靠骨头传送声音的，而不是人一样，通过空气来的
（有个细节题，我记得选d ）
第三段，解释为什么乌龟要靠骨头来传送声音，因为ear drums和人的不一样，它的比较厚，对低频声音没什么反应。题目考到乌龟耳朵和人的耳朵的区别。

版本四
"第一段说A很早以前做实验，说乌龟可以一吹口哨就走开，摇铃就跑到食物边上来。然后B在最近说不对，因为他做了个实验，说什么把乌龟放在一张桌子上，好象是叫他一下（总之是发点声响），他就回头，但是如果在另一张桌子上叫他，他就不搭理你，所以这个B就推测了，乌龟实际上是靠他的脚和皮肤感觉到了桌子的震动，而不是听到了。
第二段说最近的研究又发现了什么什么，记不太清楚了。（总之反驳了B的观点，因为乌龟的腿和皮肤都太厚，根本就很难感觉震动）
第三段解释，实际上乌龟是通过骨头来感觉的，（好象这里还举了个例子说你要是在他的龟壳上发声，他就动静很大；要是在他的腿上接触的面上制造震动，他仍然不太搭理）。然后说人的耳朵的骨膜比较薄，适合感受空气中的震动；但是乌龟的很厚，根本听不到，所以当发声时，乌龟实际上更容易通过他的龟壳传进去而且比通过鼓膜传进去要先到达。

版本五
"第一段：乌龟耳朵不好使，听不见 (theme)，supporting details：有K的试验，乌龟在桌子上，铃响，乌龟的反应是认为是桌上的铃在响而不是离的远的另一桌的铃在响。但后来发现不是听到了，而是皮肤感觉到了。（这里有题，因为是旧观点。）。
第二段：反驳第一段观点，说乌龟能听见（第二个theme，也是ETS主theme），supporting detail：又有个人，叫做B。B的研究也发现不是听到，是乌龟皮肤感觉到了，但是B没有就此为止，B又做了进一步研究发现是通过骨头传的。以前用铃，这回用别的。然后还用frequency一样的两种东西刺激乌龟，乌龟能分辨其中一个。得出结论是 bone transmission 而非 air vibration, 驳斥了由皮肤传导的说法。(Question 1。说明2个实验结论的区别，新观点)
第三段：说了乌龟的耳鼓和人耳的区别，乌龟的耳鼓厚（evidence）。因为乌龟的耳膜比较floppy而造成其听不到的。supporting detail：什么样的声音能直接到达乌龟的inner or middle without hit the eardrum。。。实际上乌龟是通过骨头来感觉的，（好象这里还举了个例子说你要是在他的龟壳上发声，他就动静很大；要是在他的腿上接触的面上制造震动，他仍然不太搭理）。然后说人的耳朵的骨膜比较薄，适合感受空气中的震动；但是乌龟的很厚，根本听不到，所以当发声时，乌龟实际上更容易通过他的龟壳传进去而且比通过鼓膜传进去要先到达（Question 2）。
Question：如果K试验里乌龟的反应相反（反驳旧观点，确认新观点），会得出什么结论？
备选答案：Bone transmission 而非 air vibration, 驳斥了由皮肤传导的说法.（说明2个实验结论的区别）
Question : 关于乌龟耳膜的特征，定位在第3段。
备选答案：乌龟实际上更容易通过他的龟壳传进去而且比通过鼓膜传进去要先到达
Question ：期待牛牛补充,我估计肯定有作者观点题目，因为基金作者说到的都是supporting details。

版本六
"第一段说有科学家A认为乌龟不是deaf的，通过一个试验。科学家B认为乌龟对a的反映不是因为听见是因为皮肤感应。乌龟耳朵不好使，听不见，有K的试验，乌龟在桌子上，铃响，乌龟的反应是认为是桌上的铃在响而不是离的远的另一桌的铃在响。好像是乌龟的脚感应到了什么的的。L和B的试验，。。。有题，问如果K试验里乌龟的反应相反，会                得出什么结论。
第二段反驳，说也不是因为皮肤感应，放在龟壳上就对c有反映对a没反映。说乌龟能听见，有个人试验，说以前用铃，这回用别的。然后还用frequency一样的两种东西刺激乌龟，乌龟能分辨其中一个。
第三段讲乌龟接受a不是像人的耳朵一样，a是直接进入middle and inter ears。说乌龟的耳鼓和人不一样，乌龟的耳鼓厚。什么样的声音能直接到达乌龟的inner or middle without hit the eardrum，inner什么的好像是耳膜，这有题。有几个词bone 什么的，还一个audio什么的，看见了能认识，现在想不起来了。就是揭示解释乌龟到底能不能听见。

happylxm

请问ashita~~ 具体是哪个题错了呢？