求大家帮我回答几个prep阅读里的问题

kobe198879

Essay #5.  189(21953-!-item-!-188;#058&00189-00)

Traditional social science models of class groups in the United States are based on economic status and assume that women's economic status derives from association with men, typically fathers or husbands, and that women therefore have more compelling common interest with men of their own economic class than with women outside it.  Some feminist social scientists, by contrast, have argued that the basic division in American society is instead based on gender, and that the total female population, regardless of economic status, constitutes a distinct class.  Social historian Mary Ryan, for example, has argued that in early-nineteenth-century America the identical legal status of working-class and middle-class free women outweighed the differences between women of these two classes:  married women, regardless of their family's wealth, did essentially the same unpaid domestic work, and none could own property or vote.  Recently, though, other feminist analysts have questioned this model, examining ways in which the condition of working-class women differs from that of middle-class women as well as from that of working-class men.  Ann Oakley notes, for example, that the gap between women of different economic classes widened in the late nineteenth century:  most working-class women, who performed wage labor outside the home, were excluded from the emerging middle-class ideal of femininity centered around domesticity and volunteerism.

Question #17.  189-03(22045-!-item-!-188;#058&000189-03)

It can be inferred from the passage that the most recent feminist social science research on women and class seeks to do which of the following?

(A) Introduce a divergent new theory about the relationship between legal status and gender

(B) Illustrate an implicit middle-class bias in earlier feminist models of class and gender

(C) Provide evidence for the position that gender matters more than wealth in determining class status

(D) Remedy perceived inadequacies of both traditional social science models and earlier feminist analyses of class and gender

(E) Challenge the economic definitions of class used by traditional social scientists

Question #18.  189-05(22091-!-item-!-188;#058&000189-05)

Which of the following statements best characterizes the relationship between traditional social science models of class and Ryan's model, as described in the passage?

(A) Ryan's model differs from the traditional model by making gender, rather than economic status, the determinant of women's class status.

(B) The traditional social science model of class differs from Ryan's in its assumption that women are financially dependent on men.

(C) Ryan's model of class and the traditional social science model both assume that women work, either within the home or for pay.

(D) The traditional social science model of class differs from Ryan's in that each model focuses on a different period of American history.

(E) Both Ryan's model of class and the traditional model consider multiple factors, including wealth, marital status, and enfranchisement, in determining women's status.

哪位高手告诉我一下第17,18题是如何对应原文的

Essay #6.  196(22098-!-item-!-188;#058&00196-00)

According to P. F. Drucker, the management philosophy known as Total Quality Management (TQM), which is designed to be adopted consistently throughout an organization and to improve customer service by using sampling theory to reduce the variability of a product's quality, can work successfully in conjunction with two older management systems.  As Drucker notes, TQM's scientific approach is consistent with the statistical sampling techniques of the "rationalist" school of scientific management, and the organizational structure associated with TQM is consistent with the social and psychological emphases of the "human relations" school of management.

However, TQM cannot simply be grafted onto these systems or onto certain other non-TQM management systems.  Although, as Drucker contends, TQM shares with such systems the ultimate objective of increasing profitability, TQM requires fundamentally different strategies.  While the other management systems referred to use upper management decision-making and employee specialization to maximize shareholder profits over the short term, TQM envisions the interests of employees, shareholders, and customers as convergent.  For example, lower prices not only benefit consumers but also enhance an organization's competitive edge and ensure its continuance, thus benefiting employees and owners.  TQM's emphasis on shared interests is reflected in the decentralized decision-making, integrated production activity, and lateral structure of organizations that achieve the benefits of TQM.

Question #19.  196-01(22144-!-item-!-188;#058&000196-01)

The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) point out contradictions in a new management system

(B) compare and contrast the objectives of various management systems

(C) identify the organizational features shared by various management systems

(D) explain the relationship of a particular management system to certain other management systems

(E) explain the advantages of a particular management system over certain other management systems

Question #20.  196-05(22190-!-item-!-188;#058&000196-05)

Which of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the first paragraph?

(A) It presents contrasting explanations for a phenomenon presented in the first paragraph.

(B) It discusses an exception to a general principle outlined in the first paragraph.

(C) It provides information that qualifies a claim presented in the first paragraph.

(D) It presents an example that strengthens a claim presented in the first paragraph.

(E) It presents an alternative approach to solving a problem discussed in the first paragraph.

Question #21.  196-06(22236-!-item-!-188;#058&000196-06)

According to the passage, the rationalist and human relations schools of management are alike in that they

(A) are primarily interested in increasing profits

(B) place little emphasis on issues of organizational structure

(C) use statistical sampling techniques to increase profitability

(D) are unlikely to lower prices in order to increase profitability

(E) focus chiefly on setting and attaining long-term objectives

21题是如何看出来的

本人阅读不好，希望大家帮助一下，提供点看法就好～

Essay #6.  196(22098-!-item-!-188;#058&00196-00)

According to P. F. Drucker, the management philosophy known as Total Quality Management (TQM), which is designed to be adopted consistently throughout an organization and to improve customer service by using sampling theory to reduce the variability of a product's quality, can work successfully in conjunction with two older management systems.  As Drucker notes, TQM's scientific approach is consistent with the statistical sampling techniques of the "rationalist" school of scientific management, and the organizational structure associated with TQM is consistent with the social and psychological emphases of the "human relations" school of management.

However, TQM cannot simply be grafted onto these systems or onto certain other non-TQM management systems.  Although, as Drucker contends, TQM shares with such systems the ultimate objective of increasing profitability, TQM requires fundamentally different strategies.  While the other management systems referred to use upper management decision-making and employee specialization to maximize shareholder profits over the short term, TQM envisions the interests of employees, shareholders, and customers as convergent.  For example, lower prices not only benefit consumers but also enhance an organization's competitive edge and ensure its continuance, thus benefiting employees and owners.  TQM's emphasis on shared interests is reflected in the decentralized decision-making, integrated production activity, and lateral structure of organizations that achieve the benefits of TQM.

Question #19.  196-01(22144-!-item-!-188;#058&000196-01)

The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) point out contradictions in a new management system

(B) compare and contrast the objectives of various management systems

(C) identify the organizational features shared by various management systems

(D) explain the relationship of a particular management system to certain other management systems

(E) explain the advantages of a particular management system over certain other management systems

Question #20.  196-05(22190-!-item-!-188;#058&000196-05)

Which of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the first paragraph?

(A) It presents contrasting explanations for a phenomenon presented in the first paragraph.

(B) It discusses an exception to a general principle outlined in the first paragraph.

(C) It provides information that qualifies a claim presented in the first paragraph.

(D) It presents an example that strengthens a claim presented in the first paragraph.

(E) It presents an alternative approach to solving a problem discussed in the first paragraph.

Question #21.  196-06(22236-!-item-!-188;#058&000196-06)

According to the passage, the rationalist and human relations schools of management are alike in that they

(A) are primarily interested in increasing profits

(B) place little emphasis on issues of organizational structure

(C) use statistical sampling techniques to increase profitability

(D) are unlikely to lower prices in order to increase profitability

(E) focus chiefly on setting and attaining long-term objectives

21题是如何看出来的

本人阅读不好，希望大家帮助一下，提供点看法就好～

cs1384

很弱 貼我的文章對應給你參考

18.
Some feminist social scientists, by contrast, have argued that the basic division in American society is instead based on gender, and that the total female population, regardless of economic status, constitutes a distinct class.  Social historian Mary Ryan, for example,

21.
TQM cannot simply be grafted onto these systems or onto certain other non-TQM management systems.  Although, as Drucker contends, TQM shares with such systems the ultimate objective of increasing profitability.

然後17我搞不懂，頂!!

kobe198879

很弱 貼我的文章對應給你參考

18.
Some feminist social scientists, by contrast, have argued that the basic division in American society is instead based on gender, and that the total female population, regardless of economic status, constitutes a distinct class.  Social historian Mary Ryan, for example,

21.
TQM cannot simply be grafted onto these systems or onto certain other non-TQM management systems.  Although, as Drucker contends, TQM shares with such systems the ultimate objective of increasing profitability.

然後17我搞不懂，頂!!

-- by 会员 cs1384 (2010/11/6 12:49:04)

1楼说的18题我也找到了，只不过我专牛角尖了，现在反应过来点了。
21题我还是不明白。文中“As Drucker notes, TQM's scientific approach is consistent with the statistical sampling techniques of the "rationalist" school of scientific management, and the organizational structure associated with TQM is consistent with the social and psychological emphases of the "human relations" school of management.” 想表达的到底是什么意思，为什么答案会跑到后面去呢？？？？

帮我分析一下谢谢

xinruiAbby

    文章第二段TQM cannot simply begrafted onto these systems or onto certain other non-TQM management systems.  THESE指代的是第一段说的rationalist"和"human relations" school of management   然后开始展开讲TQM与这两者的不同什么什么的，所以可以从第二段找到21题得信息哦~~

GMAT要上700

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GMAT要上700

17题 Recently, though, other feminist analysts have questioned this model, examining ways in which the condition of working-class women differs from that of middle-class women（反对第二个观点） as well as from that of working-class men（反对第一个观点）