All about My Mother: How Touch Helps Us Take Risks Strong emotional bonds between mothers and infants increase children’s willingness to explore the world—an effect that has been observed across the animal kingdom, in people, monkeys and even spiders. The more secure we arein our attachment to Mom, the more likely we are to try new things and take risks. Now researchers are discovering that this effect continues into adulthood. A mere reminder of Mom’s touch or the sound of her voice on the phoneis enough to change people’s minds and moods, affecting their decision making in measurable ways.
In a study published online in April in Psychological Science, undergraduate business students had to choose between safe bets and risky gambles—a bond with a guaranteed 4 percent yearly return or a riskier stock option, for example. In half the cases, the experimenters patted the students lightly on the back of the shoulder for about one second while providing verbal instructions about the study. Both male and female students who were touched by a female experimenter were far more likely to choose the risky alternative than were those who had not been touched or were patted by male experimenters. The reassuring touch of a woman may have triggered early associations, inspiring the same openness to exploration that is observed in young children of supportive mothers, explains Jonathan Levav, a business professor at Columbia University and lead author of the study. To further confirm that a woman’s touch links feelings of security with risk taking, the researchers asked a different group of undergraduates to make financial decisions after a writing exercise. Half of them wrote about a time they felt secure and supported, whereas the other half wrote about feeling insecure and alone. Evoking a sense of insecurity made students in the latter group especially receptive to the gentle shoulder pats from female experimenters and much more willing to take a risk—just as a child leaving for a field trip might steal one last reassuring hug from Mom before stepping on the bus. But touch is not the only source of maternal comfort. In a study published online in May in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, researchers at the University of Wisconsin–Madison stressed out a group of seven- to 12-year-old girls by giving them math and public-speaking exercises. Then they reunited some girls with their mothers but offered others only a phone call. The study found that girls who talked with their mothers on the phone released just as much oxytocin, the social bonding hormone, as those who got to hug their mothers. And both groups had similarly low levels of cortisol, a stress hormone, which might explain why so many people—young and old alike—call their mothers when feeling blue.
“What we are dealing with is very fundamental,” Levav says. “It comes down to归结为the simple reason that your mom was the first one to hold拥抱 you.” And the effects of that bond last for a lifetime.
L1 Q6What does the professor mainly discuss? Major changes in the migratory patterns of hummingbirds The adaptation of hummingbirds to urban environments Concern about the reduction of hummingbird habitat The impact of ecotourism on hummingbird populations 原文出处：Now, we’ve been talking about the loss of animal habitat from housing developments, uh …, growing cities – small habitat losses. But today I wanna begin talking about what happens when habitat isreduced across a large area. There are, of course, animal species that require large areas of habitat, and some migrate over very long distances. So what’s the impact of habitat loss on those animals – animals that need large areas of habitat? 我肯定没听到这个，或者听到没记- -。无比清晰的信息词but，然后today...然后开头段两句一直lost... ========= Q7 What does the professor implymight cause a decrease in the hummingbird population?
Now, we’ve been talking about the loss of animal habitat from housing developments, uh …, growing cities – small habitat losses. But today I wanna begin talking about what happens when habitat isreduced across a large area. There are, of course, animal species that require large areas of habitat, and some migrate over very long distances. So what’s the impact of habitat loss on those animals – animals that need large areas of habitat? 我肯定没听到这个，或者听到没记- -。无比清晰的信息词but，然后today...然后开头段两句一直lost... ========= Q7 What does the professor implymight cause a decrease in the hummingbird population? An increase in the ecotourismindustry(跟agricultrue不一样所以这个选项错吗） An increase in the use of land to raise crops and cattle A decrease in banding studies A decrease in the distance traveled during migration 据说might是关键词。 本来就在A,B里徘徊。 原文： <But the problem（开始做笔记）,well, as natural habitat along these migration routes is developed by humans for housing or agriculture or cleared for raising cattle, for instance, ...>
L2 Q14 Accoring to the professor how did Painleve's films confuse the audience? A. They show animals out of their natural habitat. B. They depict animals as having both human and animal characteristics. C. The narration is scientific and difficult to understand D. The audiences of the 1920s and 1930s were not used to films shot underwater. 本来选B，后来想了想又选了C。 <His films begin with facts, but then they become more and more fictional. >随着这个过渡，前后分别提到说，之前是表达它们具有人类的特征，之后说它们所不同于人类的那些特征，用了海马做E.g。 <Painlevé was a pioneer in underwater film-making, and a lot of his short films focused on the aquatic animal world.③He liked to show small underwater creatures, displaying what seemed like familiar human characteristics – what we think of as unique to humans.
He might take a clip of a mollusk going up and down in the water and set it to music. You know, to make it look like the mollusk were dancing to the music like a human being – that sort of thing. But then he suddenly changed the image or narration to remind us how different the animals are, how unlike humans.He confused his audience in the way he portrayed the animals he filmed, mixing up on notions of the categories of humans and animals.>
TPO3 section2 （错7个） C2. Q1: Why does the student go to see the professor? A.To ask about a class assignment(不是assignment) B.To find out about a midsemester project（在conservation的中间有提到过midsemester） C.To get information about summer jobs（不是job） D.To discuss ways to improve his grade(目的不是这个)
L3. Q7: Why does the professor mention his daughter? A. To describe her reaction to seeing the paintings 相反的是拿his daughter的反应去表达什么B. To explain the universal appeal of the Chauvet paintings C. To demonstrate the size of most Paleolithic cave art D. To emphasize his point about the age of the Chauvet paintings 主要就是在讲这个age，在这段话里，做题要有强烈的目的性，必须明确知道这段话在讲什么，然后从细节逐渐深入。 ========== Q10: Compared to other Paleolithic art, what is unusual about the animals painted at Chauvet? A. Most of them are horse. àPaleolithic B. Many of them are dangerous. àChauvet C. Many of them are shown alongside humans. D. All of them are species that are still found in France. 这个听的时候脑子里并没有这是两个不同的东西的概念，因为已经听地混淆起来了。 在这里，有转折词提醒： <Anyway, most Paleolithic cave art depicts large herbivores. Horses are most common overall with deer and bison pretty common too, probably animals they hunted. But earlier at Chauvet, there is a significant interest in large dangerous animals, lots of rhinoceros, lions, mammoth, bears.> ========== Q11: What are two questions about the Chauvet cave artists that the professor raises but cannot answer? (Two answers) A. How they lighted work area B. How they obtained pigments for their paints C. Why they chose to paint certain animals and not others 文章出现在结尾那段，so开始了，帮我们总结前面所说过的东西吧可能? <So, why these precise animals? Why not birds, fish, snakes? Was it for their religion, magic or sheer beauty? We don’t know.> D. Why they placed their art in dark, uninhabited places 这个错的太无知了。 A和D明显就是表达相近的意思，虽然我不知道干嘛要撇弃A选D。但是不能重复选是肯定的。
L4.这篇一直没有分析过- -。等下去听读下。分析。 Q13: What does the professor explain to one of the students about the term “radiation”? A. It is defined incorrectly in the textbook. B. It was first used in the nineteenth century. C. It is rarely used by astronomers. D. It does not refer only to harmful energy. ====== Q14: What can be inferred about two stars if their spectra have similar spectral line patters? A. The stars are approximately the same distance from the Earth. B. The stars probably have some chemical elements in common. C. The stars have nearly the same brightness. D. The stars are probably of the same size. ===== Q15: According to the professor, what is the purpose of heating an element in a spectroscopic flame test? A. To cause an element to emit light B. To study an element in combination with other elements C. To remove impunities from the element D. To measure an element’s resistance to heat.
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发表于 2010-10-16 21:01:24
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你看的听力那个正确率 是因为我之前做过好多遍了 至少第四遍做同一个TPO 还是错成这样呢
