- UID
- 195417
- 在线时间
- 小时
- 注册时间
- 2006-11-10
- 最后登录
- 1970-1-1
- 主题
- 帖子
- 性别
- 保密
|
白勇语法笔记-------一1、句子结构
一、句子结构 GMAT语法考试以主从句和并列句为主,并从语义上考查上述各句子内部的逻辑关系,尤其是不同的逻辑关系不能互相颠倒、混淆或随意改变: 1)简单句表达主次关系:主谓语表达核心意思,修饰语和修饰短语表达次要意思。 2)并列句表达并列关系:并列的主谓结构强调两个或两个以上的核心意思同等重要。 3)主从句表达主从关系:主句表达主要意思,从句表达从属意思。 1.准确使用标点符号 1)用分号连接句子,分号前后必须具有完整的主谓结构,不能连接句子和短语 “句子1;句子2。” “句子1;句子2;句子。” 2)用and连接句子 “句子1 and 句子2。” “句子1,句子2 and 句子3。” 3)用逗号和and同时连接句子 “句子1,and句子2。” “句子1,句子2,and句子3。” 4)用逗号连接短语或从句 “句子1,短语/从句。” “句子1,and句子2,短语/从句。” 5)用逗号连接主谓之间的插入成分 “主语,插入成分,谓语。” 6)冒号后可以使用:一个句子、句子并列、词或短语并列 7)破折号可以引出:做补充说明的句子或短语、同位语、插入语、列举的事物 2.副词不能代替连词 then,also,therefore,however等副词不能代替and起连词的作用。例如,then在并列结构中的用法为:do A and then do B,上面的and不能省略。 3.介词不能代替连词 任何介词都不能用作连词引导从句,即介词后不能加主谓结构。 4.主语从句 1)主语从句的位置:不影响平衡可以放在前部,否则放在后部 2)主语从句用it作形式主语 It be + adj. (likely,possible,evident,surprising,true)+ that It be + -ed分词(estimated,expected,predicted,anticipated)+ that It be + 名词词组(good news to sb.,a pity) + that It be + seem/happen/appear + that 3)主语从句只能使用陈述语序 4)带有主语从句的复合句中,主语从句作为一个整体,视为单数 5)主语从句可以并列, 6)习惯搭配 It may well(很可能)be that It may be that 5.宾语从句 1)宾语从句分类:动词型宾语从句和介词型宾语从句 2)动词型宾语从句引导词that在标准书面语中一般不能省略 3)宾语从句的时态与主句的时态可以不一致 表示客观存在、科学事实、统计数据、研究结论、商业惯例等常用一般现在时。 4)宾语从句使用陈述语序 5)表示建议、命令、要求的动词的宾语从句,使用动词原形来表示虚拟语气 6)介词后一般只能接疑问词引导的宾语从句,不可以接that引导的宾语从句 但是有三个例外:but that,except that(=but that),in that(=because) 7)宾语从句后面有补语,通常用形式宾语it来代替 make it clear that 6.表语从句 1)表语从句分类:be + that型从句和be + 疑问词型从句 2)表语从句使用陈述语序,表语从句的that不能省略 3)主句主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导,不能用because reasons做主语时,表语要用名词短语并列:The most common reasons for ... are 名词短语1,名词短语2 and 名词短语3。 7.强调结构 1)强调对象:It is/was + 强调对象 + that/who All the members held a meeting in the club yesterday. (强调all the members) It was all the members that held a meeting in the club yesterday. (强调a meeting )It was a meeting that all the members held in the club yesterday. (强调in the club )It was in the club that all the members held a meeting yesterday. (强调yesterday)It was yesterday that all the members held a meeting in the club. 2)强调状态:It was not until ... that ... (直到…才…) It was not until her mother came in that the girl began to prepare her lessons. 3)强调动词:do/did/does + verb 4)强调名词短语:if any,作插入成分,意为“如果说有的话” There are few, if any, mistakes in the book.(那本书里即使真有错误,也不多。) 5)many + 名词短语,if not most,verb Although Ms. Bakara had previously emphasized that she could not speak for other Black people, she ventured to do so on this one occasion because she firmly believed that many minority people, if not most, would agree with her. 6)... as ... as ...,if not more so The use of chemical pesticides in this country is as extensive as it was ten years ago, if not more so. 8.倒装结构 将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装;只将助词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前叫做部分倒装。 1)so/such ... that 中so短语和such短语位于句首时,主句需要部分倒装 So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 2)否定性词或者短语位于句首时,引起部分倒装 never,no longer,rarely,hardly,few,little,not until Never have I seen such a performance. Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.(主句倒装,从句不倒装。) 3)全倒装结构 介词短语/-ing分词短语/-ed分词短语/形容词短语 + be动词 + 主语(主语与前面的be动词主谓一致) In the distance could be seen the purple mountains. Helping them raise their artistic level are various professorial organizations. Also said to be under consideration is a performance in Beijing. Present at the meeting were professor Smith ,Professor Brown ,Sir Hugh and many other celebrities. 9.as结构 1)as作介词 n. + as + n. v. + as + n.:as引出宾语补语,这样的动词有accept,classify,define,describe,know,name,refer to,regard,speak of,state,take,think,view等 v. + as + n.:引出方式状语 2)as作连词 表示时间,意为“一…就…”,“当…时”,“随着…” 表示原因,意为“由于”,“因为”,“既然” 表示动作的相似性,意为“就像…”;当as从句于主句的谓语相同时,as从句的谓语可用do代替,以免重复;句型结构有以下几种: (just) as ..., + 主句 (just) as ..., so + 主句 (just) as ..., so too + 主句(部分倒装) 3)as偶尔作指示代词,代替简单主句 Indirect socialization also occurs, as when television shows or films reinforce stereotyped images of women and men. 4)inasmuch as:既然;因为,由于 Inasmuch as the debtor has gone bankrupt, I will abandon the claim. 5)insofar as:在…的范围 Insofar as I can see, the representatives are all satisfied with the arrangement. 10.同位结构 1)同位结构起修饰语的作用,一般用于修饰名词或者名词性短语 2)同位结构必须对其修饰的对象具有解释力 3)同位结构的位置:名词前或者名词后,一般在修饰对象的后面 4)同位结构不影响主谓一致 5)同位结构中名词的数可以和其修饰的对象的数不一致 6)同位结构的形式 Ø名词性同位结构,名词解释名词 n.,n. n.,a/an n. a/an n., n. the n. + n. Ø内容具体化同位结构 抽象名词(theory,evidence,belief,principle)+ that从句,that从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释。 Ø概括性同位结构 用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的解释现象:短语/句子,a program/information/an effort/a practice that Ø名词重复性同位结构 n.,n.(重复所修饰的名词)+ that定语从句 Ø代词重复性同位结构 n.,one/ones + that定语从句 11.独立主格结构 1)独立主格结构在句首或者句尾,起状语作用,表伴随原因、条件、状态等 2)一般独立主格,与主句形成松散的逻辑关系 Øn. + n. He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon. Øn. + -ed/-ing形式 “Marquis” said the boy, turning to the man, his eyes opened wide, and his right hand raised. Øn. + 介词短语 He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand. Øn. + 形容词短语 It stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open. 3)with型独立主格,与主句形成紧密的逻辑关系 Øwith + n. + -ed/-ing形式 He stood there, with his hand raised/raising. Øwith + n. + adj. She came into the room,with her nose red because of cold. Øwith + n. + 介词短语 The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm. 4)each型独立主格,强调句尾名词 句子 + 复数名词结尾,each + 介词短语/形容词短语/-ed形式/-ing形式 Dr. Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly change its genes to fashion a seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically at an invading microbe or foreign substance. 12.省略结构 1)省略的前提条件是必须保持句子的意思完整无缺,不能引起争议和歧义 2)省略往往是为了避免重复,包括承前省略和后指省略 3)省略的部分要能够还原,还原后要求结构对应,逻辑关系正确 4)并列结构中的省略 Ø省略相同的主语、宾语、联系动词、助动词、情态动词: sb. do ... and (sb.) do... sb. do (sth.) and do sth. sth. be A and (be) B be doing ... and doing ... be done ... and done ... have done ... and done ... will do ... and do ... must/would/should/can/could/may do ... and do ... Ø两个句子并列,第一个句子含有be动词或者become,第二个句子的be动词或者become必须省略,同时,一些重复的名词或者形容词也必须省略 5)be动词或being动词常倾向于省略 be known as being sth.(省去being) n.,being sth.(省去being) 6)习惯性省略 Øas needed/planned/required/scheduled Use chemically resistant gloves as needed. Øwhenever/wherever necessary/needed/possible Whenever and wherever possible, the staff should offer to do extra things for the guests. Øthan ever/before/ever before/usual/expected/predicted/estimated/anticipated With a flair for fashion and a pop-star wife, Beckham bounced back from career disappointments and emerged more successful than ever. Øconsider sth. sth./adj We consider Beijing the heart of our country. Øprove adj. I hope you will prove adequate to the job. 13.否定结构 1)全部否定 Ø用not否定谓语动词 Ø其他表示否定意义的词 no,no one/nobody,none (of),neither ... nor ...,never,neither,nor,nothing 2)部分否定 Ø某些不定代词和否定词连用 all,every,both Ø某些副词与否定词连用 always,often,quite,entirely,altogether 3)双重否定 形式上是否定,内容上是肯定,表达强烈语气 Ø否定词 + 否定前缀 not incapable,not unlike,nothing impossible,never dissatisfied Ø否定词 + 含有否定意义的词语 there is no doubt that... Man cannot live without water. Ø否定词 + 否定词或者否定句 No one should do nothing to society. He is nothing if not diligent. 4)意义上的否定 英语中有些词和短语在意义上表示否定 little,few,seldom,scarcely,hardly,too ... to,rather than,fail/failure to do,in the absence of(没有,缺乏),no more than(与…同样不),no amount of(怎么…也不…),no longer,by no means(绝不,一点也不),in no way(绝不),cannot...too(无论怎样也不过分) A man can do no more than he can.(凡事只能量力而行。) We cannot too strongly urge upon you the importance of this matter.(对此事,我们无论怎样向你强调其重要性都不会过分。) |
|