GWD14-episodic memory

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Q7 to Q10:The term “episodic memory” was
introduced by Tulving to refer to what he
considered a uniquely human capacity—
Linethe ability to recollect specific past events,
(5)to travel back into the past in one’s own
mind—as distinct from the capacity simply
to use information acquired through past
experiences.Subsequently, Clayton et al.
developed criteria to test for episodic
(10)memory in animals.According to these
criteria, episodic memories are not of
individual bits of information; they involve
multiple components of a single event
“bound” together.Clayton sought to
(15)examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate
memory of “what,” “where,” and “when”
information and their binding of this infor-
mation.In the wild, these birds store food
for retrieval later during periods of food
(20)scarcity.Clayton’s experiment required
jays to remember the type, location, and
freshness of stored food based on a unique
learning event.Crickets were stored in one
location and peanuts in another.Jays
(25)prefer crickets, but crickets degrade
more quickly.Clayton’s birds switched
their preference from crickets to peanuts
once the food had been stored for a certain
length of time, showing that they retain
(30)information about the what, the where,
and the when.Such experiments cannot,
however, reveal whether the birds were
reexperiencing the past when retrieving the
information.Clayton acknowledged this by
using the term “episodic-like” memory.
Q9:
It can be inferred that the author of the passage and Clayton would both agree that

1. the food preferences of the scrub jays in Clayton’s experiment are difficult to explain
   
2. the presence of episodic memory cannot be inferred solely on the basis of observable behavior
   
3. Clayton’s experiment demonstrated that scrub jays do not reexperience the past but do exhibit episodic-like memory
   
4. Tulving substantially underestimated the ability of animals to bind different kinds of information
   
5. Clayton’s experiment had certain fundamental design flaws that make it difficult to draw any conclusions about scrub jay’s memories.
   答案是B，我选择的是D
   这里有个疑问是文章中确实没有推断出animals such as JAYS,拥有episodic memory，但是
   并没有指出任何关于observable的地方。
   

       反观D，文章中指出 Tulving认为 considered a uniquely human capacity.而且在后面专门指出是Clayton提出 bound together。

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In order for Clayton’s experiment to show that scrub jays have episodic-like memory, which of the following must be true in the experiment?

A.Some of the jays retrieved stored peanuts on the first occasion they were allowed to retrieve food.???
B.All the crickets were retrieved before any of the peanuts were.?
?C.The peanuts were stored further away than the crickets.???
D.When a jay attempted to retrieve a cricket or a peanut, the jay was prevented from eating it.?
?E.Throughout the experiment the jays were fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity.
这道题错了两个，再就是这个了了。
我选择了D，答案是E。
Jays没有食物去取原先储存的食物吃，那么优先选择的是Crickets，然后才是peanuts，如果Jays把食物都吃了，那么实验人员如何区分谁先吃 谁后吃呢？ 此外，如果Jays是发现crickets坏了后，才去吃peanuts的话，那么memory就是错误的推断，所以jays不能吃。
E，Jays去取食物，当然是在食物紧缺的环境中，但是不同的食物紧缺环境对jays的影响应该不同，如果食物非常紧张的话，而jay本身又非常饥饿的话，有两个选择一个是时间长的crickets，但是距离近；一个是时间长的peanuts，但是距离远，大家认为jays会选哪个？

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Q9:
It can be inferred that the author of the passage and Clayton would both agree that
仔细看题目，才发现问题要求的是the passage and Clayton both agree，因此很明显Tulving的观点是文章的，而不是Clayton的，所以D错。