[讨论]Passage2772-82-19/22-答zcx的问题

weiyu

Passage2772-82-19/22

Passage 82 (19/22)

Comparable worth is a concept that rejects the premise of a separate and lower wage hierarchy for jobs that are done primarily by women, arguing instead that earnings should reflect only the worth of the work performed (这个comparable worth认为收入应当反应工作的价值，而不存在一个主要由女性从事的低收入职位集－也就是不能因为工作是女的干，钱就少2-B). This worth should be determined by an evaluation system that rates jobs according to their social importance and skill requirements-4A. Because comparable worth does not attack all forms of inequality, it can have only a modest direct effect on the overall degree of inequality in society, but in attacking-3D gender inequality in the job classification system it attacks a major component of gender inequality in the United States (它的评判体系注重于工作的社会性，虽然不能攻击所有的社会不平等现象，但是对于整体尤其是性别不平等现象很有作用). The likelihood that other forms of inequality will become more manifest with the lessening of gender inequality is not a valid argument against comparable worth. Indeed, struggles for comparable worth may help launch campaigns-3D against similar forms of inequity(其实它对其它不平等现象的攻击也有作用). Still, while conservatives have battled hard against comparable worth, radicals have been reluctant to fight for it because they see the narrow presentations in comparable worth litigation as the limits of the concept(保守派的攻击和激进派的消极-8D). But in addition to helping redress particular inequities, comparable worth could open a discussion of the entire wage system. Its theoretical and political impact will reach far beyond the framework in which it was conceived and force a rethinking of assumptions underlying current employment practices and the market itself (实际上它对于开放工资体系的评论，考虑了社会对市场行为和雇佣行为的影响).

一段是说这个体系(考虑工作本身的社会价值- 1C)还是挺好的，对攻击社会不平等现象，尤其是性别不平等现象有贡献。同时比较价值体系开放了工资体系的讨论。fficeffice" />

How comparable worth will affect the hierarchy of wages is more difficult to foresee. It does not directly challenge the concept of a hierarchy; in fact, its insistence that jobs must be evaluated implies a hierarchy(2段中心句). However, its rejection of the market as an adequate basis for determining wages initiates a discussion of how value should be assigned to jobs(实际上它仍然接受工作的等级划分制，只是认为仅以市场来决定工作价值是不对的). Advocates of comparable worth have challenged prevailing standards of evaluation, which them from formal job ovalions first developed in industrial settings. These evaluations, based on points awarded for different job tasks, gave considerable emphasis to such activities as strenuous lifting and the operation of expensive equipment. Consequently, the skills and knowledge more typical of work done by women are less heavily emphasized. The `Dictionary of Occupational Titles’ reveals numerous current instances of such imbalance in job ratings (看来它还是忽视了女性工作的技能性和知识性，也就是说它本身还是认为工作本身就有三六九等,　不是以工作的社会价值来评判的)

二段说明这种价值观还是承认了工作的等级划分制。但是challenge了传统工资体系标准。

While comparable-worth advocates accept the principle of a hierarchy of wages, arguing only that they seek more objective measures of job worth－３段中心句, the issues they raise provoke a broader debate（它也承认等级工资体系，只是能相对客观的评定工作价值）. This debate does not, as the opponents have claimed, concern the feasibility of setting up and applying evaluative standards. Employers have done that for centuries. Rather, the debate is about the social values and priorities underlying the wage hierarchy and, ultimately, the market where age-old conventions and political, as opposed to purely economic, forces enter the process of setting wages（comparable worth唤起了一个关于社会价值和优先权的争论，该社会价值在工资制定过程中考虑到了传统和政治的作用）.

三段讲这种价值观承认了工资的等级制。提出社会价值在工资体系制定中的作用。

1.                 Which of the following summarizes a main point of the passage?

(A) The history of comparable worth closely parallels the history of changes in the structure of the economic system.

(B) The ultimate success of comparable worth depends on a public discussion of the historical conditions that led to its formulation.

(C) Comparable worth has social implications that extend beyond specific adjustments to the wage hierarchies for men and women.

(D) Comparable worth is gaining adherents even though it has traditionally met with organized opposition.（C）

(E) Comparable worth has been instrumental in affording women access to jobs that had been held largely by men.

2.                 It can be inferred that the phrase a separate and lower wage hierarchy for jobs that are done primarily by women, as used in lines 2-3 of the passage, most nearly means which of the following?

(A) That there is a greater range of salaries for men than for women

(B) That women typically receive less money than men do for doing jobs of approximately the same value

(C) That there are fewer wage-earning women than men in the work force

(D) That men have traditionally been more likely than women to receive advancement on the basis of seniority（B）

(E) That men and women typically do not compete for the same jobs

3.                 In the first paragraph of the passage, the author describes the potential role and function of comparable worth in language that most often suggests

(A) artistic endeavors

(B) business transactions

(C) criminal investigations

(D) military operations（D）

(E) scientific experiments

4.                 It can be inferred from the passage that advocates of comparable worth believe which of the following? (我错了，不知怎的，会选了E，后来看看，是昏头了)

(A) A given kind of work has a particular inherent value to the employer or to society.

(B) The market is more influenced by political and social forces now than it was in the past.

(C) Gender inequality in the United States is primarily a product of the current economic system.

(D) Conservatives and radicals have the same reasons for not supporting comparable worth.（A）

(E) Those who devised job-evaluation standards were more interested in economic than political issues.

5.                 As used by the author in line 2 of the last paragraph, “more objective” most nearly means

(A) more quantifiable

(B) more seminal

(C) less categorical

(D) less job-specific（E）

(E) less sex-biased (更少的社会不平等)这里性别不平等是社会不平等中的一个文章明确有说明

6.                 Which of the following best represents the sort of question at issue in the “broader debate” referred to in line 48 above? (政治社会因素在工资评定过程中的作用A)

(A) What political factors have affected the relationship between wages and job-evaluation ratings?

(B) What gains have been achieved in the struggle for comparable-worth legislation?

(C) Will a new standard for job evaluation be any more workable than the current one?

(D) How will the balance of supply and demand be affected by comparable worth?（A）

(E) How soon is it reasonable to expect the passage of stronger comparable-worth legislation?

7.                 According to the passage, which of the following is the most likely application of the notion of comparable worth? 用社会重要性来评价工作－E

(A) The detailed explanation of the various forces that guide the market

(B) The formulation of attitudes about the role of supply and demand in setting wages

(C) The establishment of a political coalition in the struggle against inequity

(D) The integration of the industrial work force into the job market for a service and technology economy（E）

(E) The reassessment of job characteristics as a means for determining just compensation

8.                 It can be inferred from the passage that radicals have not supported comparable worth because they view it as being

(A) unrelated to historic developments that have molded the current economic system

(B) an integral part of the same system that has institutionalized various forms of inequity

(C) likely to undermine the unity of a reform move-men by polarizing the different interest groups

(D) too limited and restricted in its uses to promote fundamental changes in the system（D）

(E) inherently flawed in that it has given rise to the concept of a wage hierarchy

9.                 The author’s primary purpose in the passage is to (2,3段都用来说明比较价值在工资体系标准制定中的作用-D)

(A) criticize inconsistent experiments

(B) suggest a new direction for research

(C) describe an intriguing geophysical phenomenon

(D) present evidence supporting a theory（D）

(E) evaluate data relating to lunar geology

胡说一通，欢迎指正

zcx

教练级的理解，下午好好来啃一把，谢谢

zcx

这篇文章花了偶不下4个小时，在两位大师之点之下，终于读懂了。其实主要是第一段，偶读不出作者的写作意图，觉得他写了很多点，和中心意思不是很明确，看了你们的解释明白了。

第三题，偶无法作这样的联想。每次看完两位的解释，我就觉得偶就是少长了点东西，郁闷！

谢谢！

zcx

mm给ets交了请战书了吗？啥时考？偶打退堂鼓了，6月再说.

预祝mm一战告捷！

zcx

I do believe you will sure win.

weiyu

感谢Pumpkin MM的讲解，我重读。

Comparable worth is a concept that rejects the premise of a separate and lower wage hierarchy for jobs that are done primarily by women, arguing instead that earnings (这和后面的wage system, wage hierarchy都是一个东东)     should reflect only the worth of the work performed. This worth should be determined by an evaluation system that rates jobs according to their social importance and skill requirements （C worth反对女性工资低，认为以非性别因素来评定工资）.

1层. Because comparable worth does not attack all forms of inequality, it can have only a modest direct effect on the overall degree of inequality in society, but in attacking gender inequality in the job classification system it attacks a major component of gender inequality in the United States (打击性别歧视有效).

2层. The likelihood that other forms of inequality will become more manifest with the lessening of gender inequality is not a valid argument against comparable worth. Indeed, struggles for comparable worth may help launch campaigns against similar forms of inequity（照样打击其它歧视）.

3层. Still, while conservatives have battled hard against comparable worth, radicals have been reluctant to fight for it because they see the narrow presentations in comparable worth litigation as the limits of the concept（激进派认为对C worth的诉讼限制了C worth的概念, 所以不打击C worth）.

4层. But in addition to helping redress particular inequities, comparable worth could open a discussion of the entire wage system. Its theoretical and political impact will reach far beyond the framework in which it was conceived and force a rethinking of assumptions underlying current employment practices and the market itself （C worth的作用超出了仅仅反对wage hierarchy－这是1C的同意改写）.

How comparable worth will affect the hierarchy of wages is more difficult to foresee. It does not directly challenge the concept of a hierarchy; in fact, its insistence that jobs must be evaluated implies a hierarchy. However, its rejection of the market as an adequate basis for determining wages initiates a discussion of how value should be assigned to jobs（承认工作等级制，但是认为收入不能仅仅以市场因素来决定－老观点）. Advocates of comparable worth have challenged prevailing standards of evaluation, which them from formal job ovalions first developed in industrial settings. These evaluations, based on points awarded for different job tasks, gave considerable emphasis to such activities as strenuous lifting and the operation of expensive equipment. Consequently, the skills and knowledge more typical of work done by women are less heavily emphasized（老观点忽视了女性工作的地位－所以这里市场是一个具有性别歧视的因素）. The `Dictionary of Occupational Titles’ reveals numerous current instances of such imbalance in job ratings.

While comparable-worth advocates accept the principle of a hierarchy of wages, arguing only that they seek more objective measures of job worth (就是一段的worth of work performed), the issues they raise provoke a broader debate（承认工资等级，反对性别歧视）. This debate does not, as the opponents have claimed, concern the feasibility of setting up and applying evaluative standards. Employers have done that for centuries. Rather, the debate is about the social values and priorities underlying the wage hierarchy and, ultimately, the market where age-old conventions and political, as opposed to purely economic, forces enter the process of setting wages.

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4.                 It can be inferred from the passage that advocates of comparable worth believe which of the following?

(A) A given kind of work has a particular inherent value to the employer or to society.（A）

(E) Those who devised job-evaluation standards were more interested in economic than political issues (迷糊了好久，这帮人注重的是老观点－以市场作为唯一因素来决定工作价值.是2段的内容，而E job-evaluation standards是2段的，economic than political issues是3段的)

再次感谢Pumpkin MM的耐心讲解，以及zcx MM的探讨。没有你们，我对这篇文章的理解不会这么深。

zcx

nodding.

zcx

weiyu gg， 偶觉得第一提问的是主题来的，也就是comparable worth的最初含义，也可以说是这个观念向表达的内容。

weiyu

是主题题目：原文一段最后两句话说明了其作用超出了仅仅open discussion over wage system. 后面两段支持这个论点

三脚猫

第三题D) military operations怎么联想出来的，看完大家了分析，我也没弄明白？