[阅读]伍月到陆月岳毒够够汇总（截至6.24 18：40）see ya

AppleStrudel

而且，狗狗本来就是大家回忆的零星片断，辛勤的楼主们能总结得这么完整流畅，随时更新大家补充的东西已经很赞了，不要求很精确。

vincent007

灰常灰常谢谢小怪MM  并送你一只考古狗 公司贷款抵押那篇  我看了应该是一样的

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v1 economist 有一个 hypothetical model, 内容主要说： when firms apply for a bank loan, 他们需要知道自己的operating costs,但是operating cost会被其他因素影响，因此还需要向bank 申请evaluation, bank要对他们进行investigation.
higher cost firms不容易被approved,while low cost firm更容易被approved，那么high cost firms will be subsidisized by low cost firms. and the low cost firm knows that.  因此，to distinguish from the high cost firm, they will 跟银行弄一个collateral.而collateral 的风险成本很大，所以high cost firm基本上不会collateral，而low cost firm 因为本身low cost，不特别在乎其带来的风险. 所以到后来，就只有low cost firm 弄collateral，而且他们只要弄了collateral银行就基本上不会对他们进行eveluation.
v2: 关于bank loan的。
第一段先提出了一个经济模型（有题）
第二段大概是对high cost company 和low cost company借款之前要先evaluation一下，要收费。后来发现，low cost company subsidize the high cost company, 就是低成本的在花费这方面补给了高成本的公司，于是低成本的公司想出了一个办法，那个词挺关键，不过我不认识，记不清了，大概是co什么的。最后一段说low cost company用这种办法的前提是什么。High cost company为减小这个花费也有一些risk.

注：原文参考首页raist的原文文章
V3  by foxwill low cost公司和 high cost公司的担保问题。机经上貌似没有。主要是讲经济学上一种叫做screening啥玩意的模型。第一段讲假设公司分两种：low cost公司和 high cost，显然high cost偿还银行贷款的能力更弱，银行因此更不愿意把钱贷给他们，所以银行发贷款前要审查；第二段讲审查是要成本的，因此呢，那些low cost公司等于就在补贴 high cost公司了（因为low cost其实是不需要审查的）；第三段讲鉴于此，low cost公司就为贷款提供担保，好让银行把他们从 high cost公司里挑出了，而不用审查，避免补贴 high cost公司（这句话有题）；第四段讲这个手段为什么有效呢，因为 high cost公司模仿的成本很高——如果他们提供抵押担保的话，他们是很容易还不了债而出去抵押物的。后面的题目不难，找准定位即可。
V4 by qiuhailing01 economist 有一个 hypothetical model, 内容主要说： when firms apply for a bank loan, 他们需要知道自己的operating costs,但是operating cost会被其他因素影响，因此还需要向bank 申请evaluation, bank要对他们进行investigation.
 higher cost firms不容易被approved,while low cost firm更容易被approved，那么high cost firms will be subsidisized by low cost firms. and the low cost firm knows that.  因此，to distinguish from the high cost firm, they will 跟银行弄一个collateral.而collateral 的风险成本很大，所以high cost firm基本上不会collateral，而low cost firm 因为本身low cost，不特别在乎其带来的风险. 所以到后来，就只有low cost firm 弄collateral（质押），而且他们只要弄了collateral银行就基本上不会对他们进行eveluation.
问题好像有:
(1)银行只对批准贷款的公司作风险评估,为什么?
(2)high cost firms 在什么情况下会去做质押?
现在头很痛,我刚起来还没洗脸,趁着还记得些东西赶紧先写下来.以后想起来再补.下面说点儿经验供广州的G友参考.
 higher cost firms不容易被approved,while low cost firm更容易被approved，那么high cost firms will be subsidisized by low cost firms. and the low cost firm knows that.  因此，to distinguish from the high cost firm, they will 跟银行弄一个collateral.而collateral 的风险成本很大，所以high cost firm基本上不会collateral，而low cost firm 因为本身low cost，不特别在乎其带来的风险. 所以到后来，就只有low cost firm 弄collateral（质押），而且他们只要弄了collateral银行就基本上不会对他们进行eveluation.
问题好像有: (1)银行只对批准贷款的公司作风险评估,为什么? (2)high cost firms 在什么情况下会去做质押?
V5  by carolwting Past collateral.这题我总觉得是以前考过的..但是又想不起来是在哪里了.是说经济学家提出一个假设,假设有两种公司,一种是low operating cost,一种是high operating cost.在为项目申请贷款时候,低的因为成本低,项目成功性大,容易成功.而高的相反.银行为保证他们的贷款,都通常会对申请进行evaluation.然后第二段就开始说,银行的evaluation是有cost的,为了保证他们的cost可以recoup,他们通常只向贷款成功的firm收费.而因为低成本公司通过审查的成功率高,因此到头来,他们发现都是低成本的那些公司在为高成本公司的审查买单.第三段,低成本公司为了避免这种状况,就申请post collateral.(这里我不是特别确定,有点记不太清楚了).有些经济学家就又提出一个观点...(这是一个段内的小观点).第四段就说,这样一来,申请贷款的公司在银行那里就是一个低成本公司的代名词,从而导致银行的审查不严格或干脆不审了.

ponyoveronica

LZ辛苦辛苦了啊

SindyWawa

LZ 我觉得26.argument 和 emotion两种类型的广告对消费者的影响，我在GWD里做到过，可是刚才没有找到~大家是不是也有印象啊~还是我的幻觉~

-- by 会员 bigheadpx (2010/5/30 22:08:31)

我都觉吖！有没有人可以找得到哒呜呜呜~>_<~

SindyWawa

非常感谢，太棒了！才知道有些文章居然可以在网上查到几乎一样的。恐龙尺寸和寿命那篇文章我仔细看了，很有趣。

-- by 会员 AppleStrudel (2010/5/31 9:51:11)

介不介意发个链接上来咧？~感激涕零！

vincent007

广告那片是不是泽国，仅供参考 期待确认  大案DCEA

GWD-31-Q5-Q8
    A key decision required of advertising managers is whether a “hard-sell” or “soft-sell” strategy is appropriate for a specific target market. The hard-sell approach involves the use of direct, forceful claims regarding the benefits of the advertised brand over competitors’ offerings. In contrast, the soft-sell approach involves the use of advertising claims that imply superiority more subtly.
    One positive aspect of the hard-sell approach is its use of very simple and straightforward product claims presented as explicit conclusions, with little room for confusion regarding the advertiser’s message. However, some consumers may resent being told what to believe and some may distrust the message. Resentment and distrust often lead to counterargumentation and to boomerang effects where consumers come to believe conclusions diametrically opposed to conclusions endorsed in advertising claims. By contrast, the risk of boomerang erects is greatly reduced with soft-sell approaches. One way to implement the soft-sell approach is to provide information that implies the main conclusions the advertiser wants the consumer to draw, but leave the conclusions themselves unstated. Because consumers are invited to make up their own minds, implicit conclusions reduce the risk of resentment, distrust, and counterargumentation.
      Recent research on consumer memory and judgment suggests another advantage of implicit conclusions. Beliefs or conclusions that are self-generated are more accessible from memory than beliefs from conclusions provided explicitly by other individuals, and thus have a greater impact on judgment and decision making. Moreover, self-generated beliefs are often perceived as more accurate and valid than the beliefs of others, because other individuals may be perceived as less knowledgeable, or may be perceived as manipulative or deliberately misleading.
    Despite these advantages, implicit conclusions may not always be more effective than explicit conclusions. One risk is that some consumers may fail to draw their own conclusions and thus miss the point of the message. Inferential activity is likely only when consumers are motivated and able to engage in effortful cognitive processes. Another risk is that some consumers may draw conclusions other than the one intended. Even if inferential activity is likely, there is no guarantee that consumers will follow the path provided by the advertiser. Finally, a third risk is that consumers may infer the intended conclusion but question the validity of their inference.


5: The primary purpose of the passage is to
A.    point out the risks involved in the use of a particular advertising strategy
B.    make a case or the superiority of one advertising strategy over another
C.    illustrate the ways in which two advertising strategies may be implemented
D.    present the advantages and disadvantages of two advertising strategies
E.    contrast the types of target markets for which two advertising strategies are appropriate
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6: It can be inferred from the passage that the research mentioned in line 43 (Recent research on consumer memory and judgment) supports which of the following statements?
A.    implicit conclusions are more likely to capture accurately the point of the advertiser’s message than are explicit conclusions.
B.    Counterargument action is less likely to occur if an individual’s beliefs or conclusions are readily accessible from memory.
C.    The hard-sell approach results in conclusions that are more difficult for the consumer to recall than are conclusions resulting from the soft-sell approach.
D.    When the beliefs of others are presented as definite and forceful claims, they are perceived to be as accurate as self-generated beliefs.
E.    Despite the advantages of implicit conclusions, the hard-sell approach involves fewer risks for the advertiser than does the soft-sell approach.
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7: It can be inferred from the passage that one situation in which the boomerang effect often occurs is when consumers

A.    have been exposed to forceful claims that are diametrically opposed to those in an advertiser’s message
B.    have previous self-generated beliefs or conclusions that are readily accessible from memory
C.    are subjected to advertising messages that are targeted at specific markets to which those consumers do not belong
D.    are confused regarding the point of the advertiser’s message


E.    come to view the advertiser’s message with suspicion
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8: It can be inferred from the passage that advertisers could reduce one of the risks discussed in the last paragraph if they were able to provide
A.    motivation for consumers to think about the advertisement’s message
B.    information that implies the advertiser’s intended conclusion but leaves that conclusion unstated
C.    subtle evidence that the advertised product is superior to that of competitors
D.    information comparing the advertised product with its competitors
E.    opportunity for consumers to generate their own beliefs or conclusions
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SindyWawa

嗯嗯，我说的就是这篇！我的答案也是DCEA~

谢谢吖！~

manna

LZ！！我感觉25篇女权运动是GWD的题呢。

我肯定是在哪做过了，能不能挖一下？

manna

以及，楼主，地震那篇是不是这个？

GWD-24-Q30 ~ 37

    In most earthquakes the Earth’s crust cracks like porcelain, Stress builds up until a fracture forms at a depth of a few kilometers and the crust (5) slips to relieve the stress. Some earthquakes, however, take place hundreds of kilometers down in the Earth’s mantle, where high pressure makes rock so ductile that it flows instead of (10) cracking, even under stress severe enough to deform it like putty. How can there be earthquakes at such depths? That such deep events do occur has been accepted only since 1927 when the seismologist Kiyoo Wadati convincingly demonstrated their existence. Instead of comparing the arrival times of seismic waves at different locations, as earlier researchers had done, Wadati relied on a time difference between the arrival of primary(P) waves and the slower secondary(S) waves. Because P and S waves travel at different but fairly constant speeds, the interval between their arrivals increases in proportion to the distance from the earthquake focus, or initial rupture point.
     For most earthquakes, Wadati discovered, the interval was quite short near the epicenter; the point on the surface where shaking is strongest. For a few events, however, the delay was long even at the epicenter. Wadati saw a similar pattern when he analyzed data on the intensity of shaking. Most earthquakes had a small area of intense shaking, which weakened rapidly with increasing distance from the epicenter, but others were characterized by a lower peak intensity, felt over a broader area. Both the P-S intervals and the intensity patterns suggested two kinds of earthquakes: the more common shallow events, in which the focus lay just under the epicenter, and deep events, with a focus several hundred kilometers down.
   The question remained: how can such quakes occur, given that mantle rock at a depth of more than 50 kilometers is too ductile to store enough stress to fracture? Wadati’s work suggested that deep events occur in areas (now called Wadati-Benioff zones) where one crustal plate is forced under another and descends into the mantle. The descending rock is substantially cooler than the surrounding mantle and hence is less ductile and much more liable to fracture.

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GWD-24-30.

The author’s explanation of how deep events occur would be most weakened if which of the following were discovered to be true?
A.    Deep events are far less common than shallow events.
B.    Deep events occur in places other than where crustal plates meet.
C.    Mantle rock is more ductile at a depth of several hundred kilometers than it is at 50 kilometers.
D.    The speeds of both P and S waves are slightly greater than previously thought.
E.    Below 650 kilometers earthquakes cease to occur.
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GWD-24-31.
Information presented in the passage suggests that, compared with seismic activity at the epicenter of a shallow event, seismic activity at the epicenter of a deep event is characterized by
A.    shorter P-S intervals and higher peak intensity
B.    shorter P-S intervals and lower peak intensity
C.    longer P-S intervals and similar peak intensity
D.    longer P-S intervals and higher peak intensity
E.    longer P-S intervals and lower peak intensity.
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GWD-24-32.
The passage supports which of the following statements about the relationship between the epicenter and the focus of an earthquake?
A.     waves originate at the focus and S waves originate at the epicenter.
B.    In deep events the epicenter and the focus are reversed.
C.    In shallow events the epicenter and the focus coincide
D.    In both deep and shallow events the focus lies beneath the epicenter
E.    The epicenter is in the crust, whereas the focus is in the mantle.
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GWD-24-33.
The passage suggests that which of the following must take place in order for any earthquake to occur?
1. Stress must build up.
2. Cool rock must descend into the mantle.
3. A fracture must occur


A.    1 only
B.    2 only
C.    3 only
D.    1 and 3 only
E.    1, 2, and 3
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Q34：The passage is primarily concerned with

A.    demonstrating why the methods of early seismologists were flawed
B.    arguing that deep events are poorly understood and deserve further study
C.    defending a revolutionary theory about the causes of earthquakes and methods of predicting them
D.    discussing evidence for the existence of deep events and the conditions that allow them to occur
E.    comparing the effects of shallow events with those of deep events
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Q35：The author uses the comparisons to porcelain and putty in order to

A.    explain why the Earth’s mantle is under great pressure
B.    distinguish the earthquake’s epicenter from its focus
C.    demonstrate the conditions under which a Wadati-Benioff zone forms
D.    explain why S waves are slower than P waves
E.    illustrate why the crust will fracture but the mantle will not
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Q36：It can be inferred from the passage that if the S waves from an earthquake arrive at a given location long after the P waves, which of the following must be true?

A.    The earthquake was a deep event.
B.    The earthquake was a shallow event.
C.    The earthquake focus was distant.
D.    The earthquake focus was nearby.
E.    The earthquake had a low peak intensity.
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Q37：The method used by Wadati to determine the depths of earthquakes is most like which of the following?



A.    Determining the depth of a well by dropping stones into the well and timing how long they take to reach the bottom
B.    Determining the height of a mountain by measuring the shadow it casts at different times of the day
C.    Determining the distance from a thunderstorm by timing the interval between the flash of a lightning bolt and the thunder it produces
D.    Determining the distance between two points by counting the number of paces it takes to cover the distance and measuring a single pace
E.    Determining the speed at which a car is traveling by timing how long it takes to travel a known distance

vincent007

突然觉得广告那个更像下面这个考古
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讲广告的hard sell 跟soft sell
第一段，提出hard sell 跟soft sell这么一个争论之后介绍两种方法的特点。讲hard sell怎么怎么样就是直接给自己脸上贴金，又批判了一通。然后又强对比了一下，说soft sell 怎么怎么样，它有哪些好处，不引起反感啊、让顾客自己参与下决定啊什么的。接着又说其实soft-sell也有不足之处。
第二段，论证SS如今更加流行,用了两个论证点。讲批判soft sell 的越来越少，以前学者总说soft sell没用，但随着时代发展越来越多证据表明soft sell有用，而一些soft sell 的思想也体现在了hard sell 中，不少公司实际操作中soft和hard都用。
问题1、第一段的作用。 我选：介绍了hard sell 跟soft sell的charictaristics  有另外一个挺像的选项是引出下文的议论之类的意思，估计这题我错了
问题2、下面对于car的描述，那个更像是作者认为的hard sell： 有个很贱的选项： 广告语是这样说：don't just envy your boss's car, drive yourself's 大概这个意思
我选的是，很多驾驶过的人说，这个车开起来很舒服 之类的选项 即包含了hard sell的硬性介绍跟比较，也包含了一些emotional的内容。也不一定对
问题3、大概就是主旨了吧
问题4、问customer什么情况下会反感hard sell
问题5、以下哪个不是属于hard-sell的character?