以下是引用wangyu73cn在2005-2-12 17:14:00的发言:-下面问题在文中哪里定位?
定位很重要的,而且有时并不简单,稍有难度的题往往是从多处定位的。一般来讲,无论是定位,还是阅读速度,都需要建立在对文章的有效理解的基础上。当然,在做题前,先看文章。看文章,先看句意(以斜体标出),再想文意(斜体字后面部分)。
-No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given.
海盆形成机制的解释尚不尽然。这点出了全文的论题。是否是论点呢,尚不能做出判断。看到后来,就应发现,本文重点是对新老两种观点进行论述。因此,我认为,此句确实不是主题句。
-The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continents.
老观点认为,1、地球的上部地幔在微力的长期作用下表现液态性质,2、海洋和大陆间的温差足以产生地幔中的洋脊上升和大陆下沉的对流。这里指出了老观点的2个基本假设。
-Theoretically, this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a conveyor belt (conveyor belt: n. 传送带) and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge.
理论分析,对流像传送带般带动大陆板块并提供洋脊分裂的微力。这里开始在基本假设的基础上,提出了对流提供微力的分析过程,使2个基本假设结合起来,构成老理论的“位置-温差-对流-微力-地幔移动”的模型。
-This view may be correct: it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents.
老观点可能正确:老观点的优点在于对流所需温差由大陆位置决定。这里的”:”表原因。其实,即便此处给出了原因,我们一般也不明白为什么文章中说“老观点的优点在于对流所需温差由大陆位置决定”。在考试时,文章中没有展开讲的内容,我们也就不必钻牛角尖地去想了,只要知道,“由于将温差和位置相结合,老观点有优点”即可。如果说,需要略读的话,那么此处可以略读了。注意,经验之谈,“略读”绝对不是“不读”。我认为,对付考试,需要“略读”,但千万不可“不读”。
-Such a back-coupling, in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it, could produce complicated and varying motions.所谓“反向耦合”,即,漂流板块的位置影响作用于该板块的微力,此耦合产生复杂多变的位移。此处说明了老观点中这种位置和微力的循环作用而产生的位移表现。
-第一段概括
第一段说明了全文论题(非中心论点),并论述了老观点的基本假设、模型、优点和现实应用。看一段话,不仅要知句意,同时还要分析其逻辑转承,更要逐段进行概括总结。这样,才会渐渐形成有效的阅读理解。所谓有效,即,能感受上述段落的层次感,或曰立体感,或曰轻重感。
-On the other hand, the theory is implausible because convection does not normally occur along lines, and it certainly does not occur along lines broken by frequent offsets (an abrupt bend in an object by which one part is turned aside out of line) or changes in direction, as the ridge is.
另一方面,老理论有问题,因为对流不是沿线性发生的,并且对流也没有沿着频繁的断裂拐角或方向改变的地方发生。后半句看不太懂了,不懂没关系,正如上面的优点原因一样,缺点原因不必深究,只要知道现实情况与理论的现实应用有矛盾即可。此处隐含的意思是,将老观点应用于现实,应该有“对流沿线性发生”的表现。
-Also it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean.
同时,老理论难以应用于中大西洋和印度洋的两个洋脊之间的板块。举反例。
-This plate is growing on both sides, and since there is no intermediate trench, the two ridges must be moving apart.
此板块双向扩张。并且在无中间海沟的情况下,这两个洋脊一定是相互远离的。可知,在板块扩张的情况下,如板块中间有海沟,则两边洋脊是否相互远离不一定;如中间无海沟,则两边洋脊一定是相互远离的。具体为什么,没有讲,不深究。
-It would be odd if the rising convection currents kept exact pace with them.
如果说上升的对流和上述现象同步发生,就非常奇怪了。这是说上升对流不能解释上述反例现象。
-An alternative theory is that the sinking part of the plate, which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle, pulls the rest of the plate after it.
另一理论认为,板块下沉部分较周边较热的地幔部分更加致密,从而拉动板块的其余部分。这是对老理论的一个补充性的理论,试图解释上述反例现象。文中没有详细论述理论内容,不要深究了。
-Again it is difficult to see how this applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic, where neither the African nor the American plate has a sinking part.
该补充理论又难以应用于南大西洋,这里的非洲和美洲板块均没有下沉部分。再驳补充理论。
-第二段概括
第二段驳老理论,先从其实际应用通过讲道理反驳,再举反例,进一步针对反例提出修正理论,继而指出修正理论仍有反例。此处用了我们语文中所说的“讲道理”和“举反例”的方法。而两个反例的作用层次不同。
-Another possibility is that the sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle and produces convection currents that move the plates.
另一可能观点认为,下沉板块冷却周边地幔,并产生移动板块的对流。注意这里说了新理论的基本内容,此理论与第二段补充理论不同,差异大致有:1、“冷却,下沉”对应于“密度,拉动”,2、“作用于板块外部”对应于“作用于板块内部周边地幔”。
-This last theory is attractive because it gives some hope of explaining the enclosed seas, such as the Sea of Japan.
最后这个理论吸引人,在于它对围合海域给出了合理解释。这句可作为中心句,给出了对理论的最后评价。同时给出一个例证。
-These seas have a typical oceanic floor, except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment.
这些海域除典型海床外,拥有几公里厚的沉积。开始进行详细分析。
-Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods. 海床长期沉降。继续描述海床。
-It seems possible that a sinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate might be the cause of such deep basins.
可能由于板块上部的已冷却地幔物质下沉流动,形成深海盆。与新理论的内容对应。
-The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earth’s surface, and seriously require explanation because, in addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behind island arcs, there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin, such as the Gulf of Mexico, the Black Sea, and perhaps the North Sea.
围合海域是地表重要地貌,需要认真解释。因为除正在岛链后正在形成的围合海域外,还有很多可能类似成因的海域。这里说明研究的必要性和研究意义。增加一点彻头彻尾的题外话:“为什么有意义呢?可能因为这些海域下边有石油吧。”不过考试时可千万别想石油什么的,虽然可能有理,也是想跑题了。
-第三段概括
第三段提出新观点,先给出理论描述,再形象具体分析,最后指出研究意义。全文是说海盆及其成因的理论比较,最后的新观点虽不详尽,但作者倾向支持并主张研究。因此,对观点的评价中应是有让步的支持。
2 It can be inferred from the passage that, of the following, the deepest sediments would be found in the
the deepest sediments,从全文看来,说到sediments的是第三段中的那些围合海域, 有the Sea of Japan, the Gulf of Mexico, the Black Sea, and perhaps the North Sea. 从中选出即可。
(A) Indian Ocean 第二段中反例出现,混
(B) Black Sea 正确
(C) Mid-Atlantic 第二段中反例出现,混
(D) South Atlantic(B) 第二段中补充理论中反例出现,混
(E) Pacific 全文无
3. The author refers to a “conveyor belt” in line 13 in order to
已有准确的定位信息。关键还是在于知道文章的句意和逻辑。
(A) illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle
解释对流的效果。实际上即提供了板块移动的微力,这是全句的意思,正确。
(B) show how temperature differences depend on the positions of the continents
表明温差依赖于大陆位置。这是下一句中说明优点的。混。
(C) demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
证明中大西洋洋脊的线性性质。第二段中,混。且原文没有描述该洋脊具有线性,无。
(D) describe the complicated motions made possible by back-coupling(A)
描述反向耦合可能的复杂运动。这是下句的话题,混。且文中对复杂运动并没有深入描述,无。
(E) account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges
解释某些洋中洋脊的上升流。这是上一句中出现的内容,混。且不全面,偏。
综上,平时做题,需要耐心并深入进行剖析。要一点点地看文章,千万别陷入题海,否则容易越做越错,那就不妙了。
请指正。