关于Jim Crow Laws，不知道是不是新的资料

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不知道是不是新的资料，还是前面有人发过，我刚刚找到，看看有用没

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怎么上传附件？

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就是在google 上输入Equal Protection Foundations: Racial Discrimination，第一个资料，不知道能不能看到

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Jim Crow Origin

 

•The term Jim Crow is believed to have originated around 1830 when a white, minstrel show performer, Thomas “Daddy” Rice, blackened his face with charcoal paste or burnt cork and danced a ridiculous jig while singing the lyrics to the song, “Jump Jim Crow.”
                            

•While traveling in the south, Rice created this character after seeing either a disabled, elderly back man or young black boy dancing and singing a song ending with these chorus words:

–“Weel about and turn about and do jis so,

Eb’ry time I weel about I jump Jim Crow.”
                                

•Some historians believe that a Mr. Crow owned a slave who inspired Rice’s act—thus the reason for the Jim Crow term in the lyrics.

•In any case, Rice incorporated the skit into his minstrel act, and by the 1850s the “Jim Crow” character had become a standard part of the minstrel show scene in America

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•Denying black men the right to vote through intimidation and violence was a first step in taking away their civil rights.

•Beginning in the 1890s southern states enacted literacy tests, poll taxes, elaborate registration systems, and eventually white only democratic party primaries to exclude black voters.

•In Mississippi, fewer than 9,000 of 147,000 voting age African-Americans were registered after 1890. In Louisiana, where more than 130,000 black voters had been registered  in 1896, the number plummeted to 1,342 by 1904.

•On the local level, most southern towns and municipalities passed strict vagrancy laws to control the influx of black migrants and homeless people who poured into these urban communities in the years after the Civil War. In Mississippi, for example, whites passed the notorious “Pig Law” of 1876, designed to control vagrant blacks at loose in the community. This law made stealing a pig an act of grand larceny subject to punishment of up to five years in prison. Within two years, the number of convicts in the state penitentiary increased from under three hundred people to over one thousand. It was this law in Mississippi that turned the convict lease system into a profitable business, whereby convicts were leased to contractors who sub-leased them to planters, railroads, levee contractors, and timber jobbers.

•Jim Crow laws only spread… Consider some examples:

–“Any white woman who shall suffer or permit herself to be got with child by a negro or mulatto…shall be sentenced to the penitentiary for not less than eighteen months.” Maryland 1924

–“No colored barber shall serve as a barber to white women or girls.” Atlanta, Georgia, 1926