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essay 1 During the nineteenth century, occupational information about women that was provided by the United States census--a population count conducted each decade--became more detailed and precise in response to social changes. Through 1840, simple enumeration by household mirrored a home-based agricultural economy and hierarchical social order: the head of the household (presumed male or absent) was specified by name, whereas other household members were only indicated by the total number of persons counted in various categories, including occupational categories. Like farms, most enterprises were family-run, so that the census measured economic activity as an attribute of the entire household, rather than of individuals.
The 1850 census, partly responding to antislavery and women's rights movements, initiated the collection of specific information about each individual in a household. Not until 1870 was occupational information analyzed by gender: the census superintendent reported 1.8 million women employed outside the home in "gainful and reputable occupations." In addition, he arbitrarily attributed to each family one woman "keeping house." Overlap between the two groups was not calculated until 1890, when the rapid entry of women into the paid labor force and social issues arising from industrialization were causing women's advocates and women statisticians to press for more thorough and accurate accounting of women's occupations and wages. Question #1. 019-01 The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) explain and critique the methods used by early statisticians (B) compare and contrast a historical situation with a current-day one (C) describe and explain a historical change (D) discuss historical opposition to an established institution (E) trace the origin of a contemporary controversy
答案是C，但是C的explain好像文中并没有体现，因为文中只是描述了有哪些changes，但是并没有解释这些changes
essay 2
The general density dependence model can be applied to explain the founding of specialist firms (those attempting to serve a narrow target market). According to this model, specialist foundings hinge on the interplay between legitimation and competitive forces, both of which are functions of the density (total number) of firms in a particular specialist population. Legitimation occurs as a new type of firm moves from being viewed as unfamiliar to being viewed as a natural way to organize. At low density levels, each founding increases legitimation, reducing barriers to entry and easing subsequent foundings. Competition occurs because the resources that firms seek--customers, suppliers, and employees--are limited, but as long as density is low relative to plentiful resources, the addition of another firm has a negligible impact on the intensity of competition. At high density levels, however, competitive effects outweigh legitimation effects, discouraging foundings. The more numerous the competitors, the fiercer the competition will be and the smaller will be the incentive for new firms to enter the field.
While several studies have found a significant correspondence between the density dependence model and actual patterns of foundings, other studies have found patterns not consistent with the model. A possible explanation for this inconsistency is that legitimation and competitive forces transcend national boundaries, while studies typically restrict their analysis to the national level. Thus a national-level analysis can understate the true legitimation and competitive forces as well as the number of foundings in an industry that is internationally integrated. Many industries are or are becoming international, and since media and information easily cross national borders, so should legitimation and its effects on overseas foundings. For example, if a type of firm becomes established in the United States, that information transcends borders, reduces uncertainties, and helps foundings of that type of firm in other countries. Even within national contexts, studies have found more support for the density dependence model when they employ broader geographic units of analysis--for example, finding that the model's operation is seen more clearly at the state and national levels than at city levels.
Question #7. 066-08 The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) question the validity of an economic model (B) point out some inconsistencies within an economic model (C) outline an economic model and suggest revisions to it (D) describe an economic model and provide specific examples to illustrate its use (E) explain why an economic model remains valid despite inconsistent research results
答案是E，但是E是第二段的内容，我觉得E选项应该加上describe an economic model这题的答案才算正确
D选项的后一半是不对的，但是根据上面那题(C) describe and explain a historical change，算然explain不对也可以选的话，这题不就可以选D了吗？ (C) describe and explain a historical change，算然explain不对也可以选的话，这题不就可以选D了吗？
请NN解释一下，主题题这种题目到底该如何判断。 | 
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发表于 2009-7-25 14:51:00
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