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请JJ作者确认哈 2. 关于动物之前的观察学习行为 第一段先说动物存在这种观察行为，并有科学的说法解释这种行为究竟是一种怎样的行为 第二段说这种行为可以让动物通过观察同类的行为来避免吃到有毒的食物 第三段是科学家通过对hen的观察，发现其实动物很难通过观察学习同类的行为来避免吃到有毒的食物，有一些原因：如没有足够的交流等。但是该实验发现hen回因为同类喜欢某些食物而跟着选择这些食物 问题有：第一段的作用，第三段那些科学家同意的观点 后面两篇因为怕时间不够，没有很认真看 是这篇JJ么？？？
GWD-TN-19
GWD28-Q3 to Q6: Social learning in animals is said to occur when direct or indirect social interaction facilitates the acquisition of a novel behavior. It usually takes the form of an experienced animal (the demonstrator) performing a behavior such that the naïve animal (the observer) subsequently expresses the same behavior sooner, or more completely, than it would have otherwise. One example of social learning is the acquisition of preferences for novel foods. Some experiments have suggested that among mammals, social learning facilitates the identification of beneficial food items, but that among birds, social learning helps animals avoid toxic substances. For example, one study showed that when red-wing blackbirds observed others consuming a colored food or a food in a distinctly marked container and then becoming ill, they subsequently avoided food associated with that color or container. Another experiment showed that house sparrows consumed less red food after they observed others eating red food that was treated so as to be noxious. Studies on nonavian species have not produced similar results, leading researchers to speculate that avian social learning may be fundamentally different from that of mammals. But Sherwin’s recent experiments with domestic hens do not support the notion that avian social learning necessarily facilitates aversion to novel foods that are noxious or toxic. Even when demonstrator hens reacted with obvious disgust to a specific food, via vigorous head shaking and bill wiping, there was no evidence that observers subsequently avoided eating that food. Sherwin’s research team speculated that ecological or social constraints during the evolution of this species might have resulted in there being little benefit from the social learning of unpalatability, for instance, selective pressures for this mode of learning would be reduced if the birds rarely encountered noxious or toxic food or rarely interacted after eating such food, or if the consequences of ingestion were minimal. In a related experiment, the same researchers showed that if observer hens watched demonstrator hens react favorably to food of a particular color, then observer hens ate more food of that color than they ate of food of other colors. These results confirmed that avian species can develop preferences for palatable food through social learning.
Q3: The primary purpose of the passage is to discuss the A. techniques used in certain experiments on social learning in birds B. reasons for the differences between social learning in birds and in mammals C. question of how social learning manifests itself in birds D. basis for a widespread belief about a difference in behavior between birds and mammals E. possible reasons why birds may or may not learn from each other in a particular way ------------------------------------------------------------------- Q4: According to the passage, which of the following is true of the experiments on domestic hens conducted by Sherwin’s research team? A. Only a small number of observer hens appeared to learn to avoid food that was demonstrated by other hens to be noxious. B. Observer hens ingested food preferentially only after numerous instances of witnessing demonstrator hens preferentially ingest that type of food. C. Observer hens appeared unable to recognize when demonstrator hens found a particular food especially palatable. D. Demonstrator hens reacted adversely to ingesting certain novel foods. E. Demonstrator hens altered their behavior less obviously in response to noxious foods than in response to highly palatable foods. -------------------------------------------------------------------- Q5: It can be inferred that the author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding the results of the recent experiments conducted by Sherwin’s research team? A. The experiments demonstrate that social learning in avian species facilitates the identification of noxious or toxic foods. B. The experiments suggest that social learning has made avian species less adept than nonavian species at learning to prefer beneficial foods and avoid noxious and toxic foods.
C. The experiments undermine the notion that most avian species have evolved in environments where there is little benefit to the social learning of unpalatability. D. The experiments suggest that the acquisition of food preferences in avian species is largely unaffected by social learning. E. The experiments show that social learning in avian species can promote the preferential consumption of beneficial foods but do not support the claim that social learning in avian species promotes the avoidance of noxious or toxic foods. ----------------- | 
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发表于 2009-4-15 15:21:00
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