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RC-19:月球表面的坑 【版本1】月球表面的坑是怎么来的，逻辑结构清晰得让人绝望，第一段说有三种说法p s i(瞎编的) 第二段说三种都是错的，还分别给出了原因，最后一段说collision才是真正原因。 旧JJ考古： 【版本1】最后一篇讲什么Venus星球上lava，不同专家认为分类不同。很多专有名词，还有好多星球名称。 【版本2】讲Venus表面的lava。有学者说Venus上的lava和月球表面的什么什么rill差不多，作者说不对，差多了。lava很浅，很长，流的方式也不一样，还有沉积物，跟那个什么rill根本不同（有题：问以下都是lava不同于。。rill的地方，EXCEPT,有人推测说lava的形成是一种类似火山喷发的东西造成的，但是这推测不对，因为那玩意一喷发，出来的流质会很快凝固，并且会很深，不像lava那么浅。… … 最后提出lava根地球上一种的carbonate流质最相近 【版本3】第一段,There are three different theories about how moon becomes based materials that US astronauts brought back. The author point put that those three theories have some problems. 第二段, a new theory Clin.. can explain and has more evidence to support its theory. 【版本4】关于Venus 上channel (原题是拉丁文名称) 的成因。有人说venus上的channel是月球channel（原文是另外一个拉丁文名称）一个特例。但实际上，是一种distinct 类型。根据channel里固化lava的状态推测lava的成分类型，和月球的性质根本不同，而和地球上的一种lava却具备那种特性。 【版本5】先说科学家发现金星上有某种lava channel, 以为跟月亮或者其它什么星球上发现的差不多。结果发现有诸多不同之处，好像说了4点不同（有考点，问哪项是这四点中没有提到的）。中间一部分记不定得了。Assumption, 主要解释为什么channel可以很长，说了一个形成长channel的process,其中好像说lava比周围的物质温度高什么的，然后又说在金星上并没有发现支持这个process的具体证据，但发现在8球上的channel找到了证据。（有考点，问提到地球上碳化的lava是为了什么?）另外还考到主题题。 【版本6】LAVA OF VENUS 60行左右
在VENUS 上有个LAVA CHANNEL (为CANAVALLI，斜体 ), 传统认为它是peculiar version of a type of ABC (一个特殊名词) of the moon. 然而，另外一个人认为不对，?に礳anavalli is more narrow and (细节题，问月球的ABC和CANAVALLI有不同之处EXCEPT: 有个迷惑选项： 3个都好区分，就是lava 和 exhibit different meandering behaviors弄得我头大 ) 然后开始论证，说canavalli应该不是LAVA 的sediment, 因为Canavalli不大可能能流这么远的。因为：heat 不够支持lava流这么远，即使温度够的话，根据麦哲伦号的图片显示，流出的lava 根E不能被这个CHANNEL所包含（就是说流太多了，肯定要溢出来）。然后，有个人说了，它有可能能流这么远的，是因为熔岩的Viscosity比较低，所以可能流到那么远。Lava of silicate does not demonstrate such behaviors. Carbonate that are rarely found in Earth does. (这里有细节题，我记忆有点模糊了，反正就是对这个粘度和SILICATE和CARBONATE的关系，好像有2题)。
主题题：我选的是，用各种不同证据来否认某个VIEWS. 【版本7】说到最近一帮科学家在研究金星上的lava，叫什么Chilli（拼的不对）的,这种该死的岩浆，形成了一种channel，跟以前在月亮上啊，什么地方发现的S的一种岩浆不大一样。然后开始研究这种lava的特性，什么延绵千里，骆绎不绝。科学家就奇怪了，按照venus上的气温，这种岩浆应该出来不久，就会固化啊，怎么能流这么远？ 然后就说，这种岩浆特性跟其它的不一样，粘度低，所以流动性很好(这里考到一个题，问这种岩浆有什么特性，答案就是fluid性能比较好啦)。大家注意这个词viscosity，是粘度的意思，还好大学时候学过流体力学。 然后又说了，这种岩浆跟在地球上发现的一种carbonite岩浆也不一样。以前发现的各种岩浆，都跟venus上的特性不一样，所以流不远，除了地球上发现的carbonite岩浆。这里又考到一个题，what can be inferred about the carbonite岩浆。答案就是，这种岩浆流动性也很好，能够跑很远。然后全文结束。 主旨题，我有点吃不准。我还是选了A，比较Chilli的岩浆跟S岩浆的区别。C也很搞的，但是我没选，因为C是讲describe the properties of a lava。我觉得这篇文章不是讲lava，而是讲lava形成的一种channel: Chilli。 【版本8】在VENUS 上有个LAVA CHANNEL (为CANAVALLI，斜体 ), 传统认为它是peculiar version of a type of ABC (一个特殊名词) of the moon. 然而，另外一个人认为不对，canavalli is more narrow and (细节题，问月球的ABC和CANAVALLI有不同之处EXCEPT: 有个迷惑选项： 3个都好区分，就是lava 和 exhibit different meandering behaviors弄得我头大 ) 然后开始论证，说canavalli应该不是LAVA 的sediment, 因为canavalli不大可能能流这么远的。因为：heat 不够支持lava流这么远，即使温度够的话，根据麦哲伦号的图片显示，流出的lava 根本不能被这个CHANNEL所包含（就是说流太多了，肯定要溢出来）。然后，有个人说了，它有可能能流这么远的，是因为熔岩的Viscosity比较低，所以可能流到那么远。Lava of silicate does not demonstrate such behaviors. Carbonate that is rarely found in Earth does. (这里有细节题，我记忆有点模糊了，反正就是对这个粘度和SILICATE和CARBONATE的关系，好像有2题)。
主题题：我选的是，用各种不同证据来否认某个VIEWS. 考题： 1． 先说科学家发现金星上有某种lava channel, 以为跟月亮或者其它什么星球上发现的差不多。结果发现有诸多不同之处，好像说了4点不同（有考点，问哪项是这四点中没有提到的） 2． 细节题，问月球的ABC和CANAVALLI有不同之处EXCEPT: 有个迷惑选项： 3个都好区分，就是lava 和 exhibit different meandering behaviors弄得我头大 3． 问提到地球上碳化的lava是为了什么? 4． 另外还考到主题题：
我选的是，用各种不同证据来否认某个VIEWS.
我还是选了A，比较Chilli的岩浆跟S岩浆的区别。C也很搞的，但是我没选，因为C是讲describe the properties of a lava。 5． 主题题：我选的是，用各种不同证据来否认某个VIEWS. 6． 反正就是对这个粘度和SILICATE和CARBONATE的关系，好像有2题 7． 这里考到一个题，问这种岩浆有什么特性，答案就是fluid性能比较好啦 8． what can be inferred about the carbonite岩浆。答案就是，这种岩浆流动性也很好，能够跑很远。 9． 这里又考到一个题，what can be inferred about the carbonite岩浆。答案就是，这种岩浆流动性也很好，能够跑很远。然后全文结束。
RC-20:鸟为什么会飞的两种理论 【版本1】GWD-27-Q3-Q6 鸟为什么会飞的两种理论 Two opposing scenarios, 两种解释鸟飞的假设：树栖和疾走。
the “arboreal” hypothesis and the “cursorial” hypothesis, have Line traditionally been put forward con- (5) cerning the origins of bird flight. The “arboreal” hypothesis holds 树栖论说鸟祖先爬上树滑行下来，随
that bird ancestors began to fly 着羽毛越来越大，最终飞了起来。
by climbing frees and gliding down from branches with the (10) help of incipient feathers: the height of trees provides a good starting place for launching flight, especially through gliding. As feathers became larger over time, (15) flapping flight evolved and birds finally became fully air-borne. This hypothesis makes intuitive 树栖论的问题：始祖鸟和M恐龙没有
Sense, but certain aspects are 明显的栖树适应性，如合适的脚。
Troubling. Archaeopteryx (the (20) earliest known bird) and its maniraptoran dinosaur cousins have no obviously arboreal adaptations, such as feet fully adapted for perching. Perhaps 没分析显示始祖鸟曾用前肢爬树和飞，
(25) some of them could climb trees, but no convincing analysis has demonstrated how Archaeopteryx would have both climbed and flown with its forelimbs, and there (30) were no plants taller than a few 始祖鸟化石发现的地方也没有发现高
meters in the environments where 树。
Archaeopteryx fossils have been found. Even if the animals could 即使它会爬树也不表明会滑翔。
climb trees, this ability is not (35) synonymous with gliding ability. (Many small animals, and even some goats and kangaroos, are capable of climbing trees but are not gliders.) Besides, (40) Archaeopteryx shows no obvi- ous features of gliders, such as 它没明显的滑翔特征。
a broad membrane connecting forelimbs and hind limbs. The “cursorial”(running) (45) hypothesis holds that small 疾走论认为鸟为了躲避猎食者，奔跑
dinosaurs ran along the ground 并张开双臂平行
and stretched out their arms for balance as they leaped into the air after insect prey or, perhaps, (50) to avoid predators. Even rudi- 前肢的原始特征能帮助身体稍微升高
mentary feathers on forelimbs could have expanded the arm’s surface area to enhance lift slightly. Larger feathers could 然后鸟慢慢就飞起来了。
(55) have increased lift incrementally, until sustained flight was gradu- ally achieved. Of course, a leap into the air does not provide the acceleration produced by drop- (60) ping out of a tree; an animal would have to run quite fast to take off. Still, some small terrestrial animals can achieve high speeds. The cursorial (65) hypothesis is strengthened by the fact that the immediate the- 兽脚亚目恐龙祖先拥有各种疾走的
ropod dinosaur ancestors of 特点。
birds were terrestrial, and they had the traits needed for high (70) lift off speeds: they were small, agile, lightly built, long-legged, 另外，
and good runners. And because 它们用两足走，双臂有空用来拍打。
they were bipedal, their arms were free to evolve flapping flight, (75) which cannot be said for other reptiles of their time. --------------------------------------------------------- Q 3: The primary purpose of the passage is to A. present counterevidence to two hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight B. propose and alternative to two hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight correct certain misconceptions about hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight C. (missing) D. refute a challenge to a hypothesis concerning the origins of bird flight E. evaluate competing hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight --------------------------------------------------- Q 4: The passage presents which of the following facts as evidence that tends to undermine the arboreal hypothesis? A. Feathers tend to become larger over time B. Flapping flight is thought to have evolved gradually over time C. Many small animals are capable of climbing trees. D. Plants in Archaeopteryx’s known habitats were relatively small E. Leaping into the air does not provide as much acceleration as gliding out of a tree ------------------------------------------------ Q 5: Which of the following is included in the discussion of the cursorial hypothesis but not in the discussion of the arboreal hypothesis? A. A discussion of some of the features of Archaeopteryx B. A description of the environment known to have been inhabited by bird ancestors C. A possible reason why bird ancestors might have been engaging in activities that eventually evolved into flight D. A description of the obvious features of animals with gliding ability E. An estimate of the amount of time it took for bird ancestors to evolve the kind of flapping flight that allowed them to become completely airborne ------------------------------------------------- Q 6: The passage suggests which of the following regarding the climbing ability of Archaeopteryx? A. Its ability to climb trees was likely hindered by the presence of incipient feathers on its forelimbs. B. It was probably better at climbing trees than were its maniraptoran dinosaur cousins. C. It had certain physical adaptations that suggest it was skilled at climbing trees. D. Scientists have recently discovered fossil evidence suggesting it could not climb trees. E. Scientists are uncertain whether it was capable of climbing trees
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