LZ 麻烦看看是不是这篇阅读？A history of linguistic prescription in English
OriginsLanguages, especially standard languages or official languages used in courts of law, for administration of government, and for the promulgation of official works, tend to acquire norms and standards over time. Once English became the language of administration of law in England, a form of late Middle English called chancery English became such a standard. When William Caxton introduced printing with movable type into England, the norms of his grammar and spelling were taken largely from chancery English. A standard language (also standard dialect or standardized dialect) is a particular variety of a language that has been given either legal or quasi-legal status. ...
An official language is a language that is given a privileged legal status in a state, or other legally-defined territory. ...
Middle English is the name given by historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion in 1066 and the mid-to-late 15th century, when the Chancery Standard, a form of London-based English, began to become widespread, a process aided by the...
Middle English is the name given by historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion in 1066 and the mid-to-late 15th century, when the Chancery Standard, a form of London-based English, began to become widespread, a process aided by the...
William Caxton (c. ...
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However, the "correction" of English grammar was not a large subject of formal study until the eighteenth century. Poet John Dryden remarked that the grammar in use in his day (second half of 1600s) was an improvement over the usage of William Shakespeare. Dryden was himself the first to promulgate the rule that a sentence must not end with a preposition, a rule taken from Latin grammar (see preposition). Samuel Johnson's 1755
dictionary contributed to the standardization of English spelling. More influentially, the first of a long line of prescriptionist usage commentators, Robert Lowth, published A Short Introduction to English Grammar in 1762. Lowth's grammar is the source of many of the prescriptive shibboleths that are studied in schools and was the first of a long line of usage commentators to judge the language in addition to describing it. For example, the following footnote from his grammar is, in turn, descriptive and prescriptive: "Whose is by some authors made the Possessive Case of which, and applied to things as well as persons; I think, improperly." (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...
John Dryden John Dryden (August 9, 1631 â??May 12, 1700) was an influential English poet, literary critic, and playwright who dominated the literary life of Restoration England to such a point that the period came to be known as the Age of Dryden. ...
1597 1598 1599 - 1600 - 1601 1602 1603 |- | align=center colspan=2 | Decades: 1570s 1580s 1590s - 1600s - 1610s 1620s 1630s |- | align=center | Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century |} // Events January January 1 - Scotland adopts January 1st as being New Years Day February February 17 - Giordano Bruno burned at the...
Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with adposition. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with adposition. ...
Samuel Johnson circa 1772, painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds. ...
1755 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
A dictionary is a list of words with their definitions, a list of characters with their glyphs, or a list of words with corresponding words in other languages. ...
It has been suggested that Letter-sound pairs in English be merged into this article or section. ...
Robert Lowth, D. D. Lord Bishop of London Robert Lowth (November 27, 1710 â??November 3, 1787) was a Bishop of the Church of England, a professor of poetry at Oxford University and the author of one of the most influential textbooks of English grammar. ...
1762 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...
Look up Shibboleth in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Lowth's method included criticising "false syntax"; his examples of false syntax were culled from Shakespeare, the King James Bible, John Donne, John Milton, Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, and other famous writers. His approach was based largely on Latin grammar, and a number of his judgments were arrived at by applying Latin grammar to English, though this contradicted his own stated principles. Thus Lowth condemns Addison's sentence "Who should I meet the other night, but my old friend?" on the grounds that the thing acted upon should be in the "Objective Case", corresponding, as he says earlier, to an oblique case in Latin. (Descriptive critics, on the other hand, would take this example and others as evidence from noted writers that "who" can refer to direct objects in English.) Lowth's ipse dixits appealed to those who wished for certainty and authority in their language. Lowth's grammar was not written for children; nonetheless, within a decade of its appearance, versions of it were adapted for schools, and Lowth's stylistic opinions acquired the force of law in the classroom. This articles subsection called Criticism is missing references or citation of sources. ...
John Donne John Donne (pronounced Dun; 1572 â??March 31, 1631) was a Jacobean metaphysical poet. ...
John Milton, English poet John Milton (December 9, 1608 â??November 8, 1674) was an English poet, best-known for his epic poem Paradise Lost. ...
Jonathan Swift Jonathan Swift (November 30, 1667 â??October 19, 1745) was an Anglo-Irish priest, satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer, and poet famous for works like Gullivers Travels, A Modest Proposal, A Journal to Stella, The Drapiers Letters, The Battle of the Books, and A Tale of a Tub. ...
Alexander Pope, an English poet best known for his Essay on Criticism and Rape of the Lock Pope, circa 1727. ...
Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...
Joseph Addison, the Kit-cat portrait, circa 1703â??712, by Godfrey Kneller. ...
An oblique case (Lat. ...
This page lists direct English translations of common Latin phrases, such as veni vidi vici and et cetera. ...
Wider disseminationDuring the nineteenth century, with the rise of popular journalism, the common usage of a tightly-knit educated and governing class was extended to a more widely literate public than before or since, through the usage of editors of newspapers and magazines. There therefore began to be a broader market for usage guides. In general, these attempted to elucidate the distinctions between different words and constructions, promoting some and condemning others as unclear, declassé, or simply wrong. Perhaps the most well-known and historically important text of this sort was Henry Watson Fowler's idiosyncratic and much praised Dictionary of Modern English Usage. Originally published in 1926, it was extensively revised for the 1996 third edition, and remains a primary reference for many educated speakers and editors. Besides Fowler, other writers in this tradition include the 19th-century poet and editor William Cullen Bryant, and, in the 20th-century, Theodore Bernstein and William Safire. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Journalism is a discipline of collecting, analyzing, verifying, and presenting information gathered regarding current events, including trends, issues and people. ...
An Editor is a person who prepares textâ?眛ypically language, but also images and soundsâ?眆or publication by correcting, condensing, or otherwise modifying it. ...
A collection of magazines A magazine is a periodical publication containing a variety of articles, generally financed by advertising and/or purchase by readers. ...
Henry Watson Fowler (10 March 1858 - 26 December 1933) was an English schoolmaster, lexicographer and commentator on usage, notable for both Fowlers Modern English Usage (first published 1926) and his work on the Concise Oxford Dictionary. ...
William Cullen Bryant William Cullen Bryant (November 3, 1794 - June 12, 1878) was an American Romantic poet and journalist. ...
William L. Safire on NBCs Meet The Press with Tim Russert. ...
Contemporary stylebooks such as the Associated Press Stylebook, from the Associated Press in the United States, or The Times Style and Usage Guide, from The Times in the United Kingdom, are prescriptive in intent, for use by editors of their respective publications to standardise presentation. A slightly outdated edition of the Stylebook The The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law, usually simply called the AP Stylebook and nicknamed the journalists bible, is the primary guide of style and usage for most newspapers and newsmagazines in the United States. ...
Associated Press logo The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ...
The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom since 1785, and under its current name since 1788. ...
CriticismDuring the second half of the twentieth century, the prescriptionist tradition of usage commentators started to fall under increasing criticism. Thus, works such as the Merriam Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, appearing in 1993, attempt to describe usage issues of words and syntax as they are actually used by writers of note, rather than to judge them by standards derived from logic, fine distinctions, or Latin grammar. Academics will note that the Oxford English Dictionary has always been a descriptive text. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s The 20th century lasted from 1901 to 2000 in the Gregorian calendar (often from (1900 to 1999 in common usage). ...
1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...
The Oxford English Dictionary print set The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is a dictionary published by the Oxford University Press (OUP). ...
Scientific linguistics is descriptivist. As in most academic disciplines, the purpose of scholarship is understood to be the observation and analysis of phenomena as they actually appear in the world. Nonstandard varieties are held to be no more or less 'correct' than standard varieties, though it is recognised that many speakers of the latter look down on nonstandard forms. it is commonly accepted in linguistics that any dialect of any natural language can be used for any purpose, including higher education. In the 18th and 19th centuries philologists expected to find 'primitive' languages in the new colonies around the world, but never did. As a result linguists soon came to understand that there is no such thing and that this principle also applies to nonstandard varieties of European languages. Every dialect of every language has its own strengths: Edward Sapir even suggested that Navajo was better suited for use in theoretical physics because the grammar encodes concepts that are difficult to express in English. Edward Sapir. ...
The term Navajo (occasionally spelled Navaho) or Diné refers to the Navajo Nation and its people, and to the Navajo language. ...
However, while virtually all linguists see the rise of the descriptive approach as a positive development, a few might contend that there is still a place for elements of prescriptivism in some contexts. Most people would agree that standardised languages are useful for interregional communication, for example. Learners of foreign languages might use prescriptive metaphors and rule-based learning to help understand the descriptive accuracy of those languages. And writers or communicators who wish to use words clearly, powerfully or effectively use prescriptive rules partly to make their communications widely understood and unambiguous, and partly as a proxy for the moving target of "current usage" as measured by descriptive linguistics. Further, because of the sheer amount of resources spent on arbitrary grammar teaching in primary and secondary school situations, it is unlikely that prescriptive approaches will disappear entirely, due to the popular misconception that they have some basis in reality.
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发表于 2009-1-8 09:36:00
