我花了很多时间分析的prep1-essay#13 还有些问题，希望大家参与讨论！

darkbaby0117

45题是个什么情况呀？？
我不明白46题BD有什么区别啊？？
求哪位NN帮忙解释一下

streamlan

43题我也不懂，主要是没发现significant体现在哪里~

chachamao

Essay #13.
            281
           (23223-!-item-!-188;#058&00281-00)

Comparable worth, as a standard applied to eliminate inequities in pay, insists that the values of certain tasks performed in dissimilar jobs can be compared.  In the last decade, this approach has become a critical social policy issue, as large numbers of private-sector firms and industries as well as federal, state, and local governmental entities have adopted comparable worth policies or begun to consider doing so.

This widespread institutional awareness of comparable worth indicates increased public awareness that pay inequities--that is, situations in which pay is not "fair" because it does not reflect the true value of a job--exist in the labor market.  However, the question still remains:  have the gains already made in pay equity under comparable worth principles been of a precedent-setting nature or are they mostly transitory, a function of concessions made by employers to mislead female employees into believing that they have made long-term pay equity gains?（然而，问题仍然存在，根据comparable worth的原则，（公司）所得而发放的平等的工作是否本质上是按前人设定的惯例发放的还是只是短暂的，起一种妥协的作用，让雇佣者误导女性员工相信他们的他们长期以来发放的工资是和（公司）的获得相对等）

Comparable worth pay adjustments are indeed precedent-setting.  Because of the principles driving them, other mandates that can be applied to reduce or eliminate unjustified pay gaps between male and female workers have not remedied perceived pay inequities satisfactorily for the litigants in cases in which men and women hold different jobs.  But whenever comparable worth principles are applied to pay schedules, perceived unjustified pay differences are eliminated.  In this sense, then, comparable worth is more comprehensive than other mandates, such as the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.  Neither（指前面的such as的两个mandates） compares tasks in dissimilar jobs (that is, jobs across occupational categories) in an effort to determine whether or not what is necessary to perform these tasks--know-how, problem-solving, and accountability--can be quantified in terms of its dollar value to the employer.  Comparable worth, on the other hand, takes as its premise that certain tasks in dissimilar jobs may require a similar amount of training, effort, and skill; may carry similar responsibility; may be carried on in an environment having a similar impact upon the worker; and may have a similar dollar value to the employer.

1P:comparable worth作为取消工资的不平的的标准，认为不同的工作当中的目标完成是可以相比的。在上一个十年间成为重要的社会政策，广泛运用。comparable worth, in the last decades,

2P: 广泛的由来已久的comparable worth的认识表明了公众认为不平等的工资广泛存在于劳动市场。然而… the wide spread,indicates, is not because, however

3P: comparable worth的调整是有前人设计好的原则的。对比其他的mandate来说明，由于comparable worth可以对比不同的工作之间而使他们都可以量化为雇的获得，所以comparable worth运用更广泛。TS, because, but, in this sense,then, more…than, neither, on the other hand, ;

问题如下：

l  文章中的一句话However, the question still remains:  have the gains already made in pay equity under comparable worth principles been of a precedent-setting nature or are they mostly transitory, a function of concessions made by employers to mislead female employees into believing that they have made long-term pay equity gains?

我的理解是：（然而，问题仍然存在，根据comparable worth的原则，（公司）所得而发放的平等的工作是否本质上是按前人设定的惯例发放的还是只是短暂的，起一种妥协的作用，让雇佣者误导女性员工相信他们的他们长期以来发放的工资是和（公司）的获得相对等）

不知道对不对？
1.         如果transitory理解为短暂的，是指什么是短暂的？

2.         a function of concessions made by employers to mislead female employees into believing that they have made long-term pay equity gains?如果理解为同位语，是谁的同位语啊？

3.         这段话的作用是为了说明这段的观点，”广泛的由来已久的comparable worth的认识表明了公众认为不平等的工资广泛存在于劳动市场”仍然存在吗？

l  Neither（指前面的such as的两个mandates） compares tasks in dissimilar jobs (that is, jobs across occupational categories) in an effort to determine whether or not what is necessary to perform these tasks--know-how, problem-solving, and accountability--can be quantified in terms of its dollar value to the employer.
我对Neither的理解：指前面的such as的两个mandates

这句话是说没有一个mandates比较了不同工作之间，以努力了解哪些因素－专业知识，解决问题的能力和责任感－决定了对于雇主可以量化为钱的因素。

我理解这句华的作用是：从反面来说明comparable worth比其它的mandate更加广泛的优势。下面有on the other hand,是从正面对比来说明comparable worth的作用，即可以让雇主可以量化为钱的因素



l  对于第二段，见我的逻辑图。第二段的内容：对比其他的mandate来说明，由于comparable worth可以对比不同的工作之间而使他们都可以量化为雇主付出的金钱，所以comparable worth运用更广泛。和第一句comparable worth的调整是有前人设计好的原则的关系是什么？不是很明显，请哪位帮忙分析一下！

-- by 会员 happywawa (2008/8/22 12:27:00)

我想解释一下2个重点词汇，precedent-setting和transitory。看得出这2个词给阅读理解造成了很大的困扰。以下例子来自网络：
1) precedent-setting 意思等同于 set a precedent: Establish a usage, tradition or standatard to be followed in the future. 这个词在美国法律界用得挺多，就是先例援引的意思。比如一次审判，A VS B, 判决的结果是B获胜，那么从此以后的类似案例就根据这个案例的结果来裁判。
For example, He set a precedent by having the chaplain lead theacademic procession. The word precedent here signifies a previousinstance or legal decision upon which future instances are based, a usagedating from the early 1400s. In British and American law it morespecifically refers to a legal decision that may be used as a standard insubsequent cases.
再来个例子：
In a precedent - setting move , the Spanish Parliament recently voted to extend basic rights to chimpanzees and other great apes .
在一项首创的改革中，西班牙议会最近通过投票的方式，来扩大黑猩猩及其他大型灵长类动物的基本权利。

在文章中precedent-setting的意思，我理解就是雇主们在寻找一个可量化的相对价值的标准来重新核定员工的工资水平，且一旦成型，日后都会按照此先例照行。

2)transitory: not permanent.  这里和precedent-setting 相对。


继续回答mm上面的三个问题：
1. transitory修饰的是the gains (made in pay equity);
2. a function of concession的同位语也是the gains;
3. 第二段在文章中的作用，是说comparable worth出现的原因以及被广泛接受的背景。本段的最后一句只是下一段的一个引子：这样的定工资政策改革是当真使的，还是糊弄员工的权宜之计？第三段是公众对comparable worth的concern,以及作者的解释。

chachamao

43题我也不懂，主要是没发现significant体现在哪里~

-- by 会员 streamlan (2011/8/12 22:43:29)

第一段第二句 In the last decade, this approach has become acritical social policy issue, as large numbers of private-sector firms andindustries as well as federal, state, and local governmental entities haveadopted comparable worth policies or begun to consider doing so.

各级政府，私人企业等等很多都在考虑使用或者已经在使用comparable worth理论了，还不够significant....

lucycheng

Which of the following most accurately states the central purpose of the passage?

(A) To criticize the implementation of a new procedure
没有讨论如何implement this new policy
(B) To assess the significance of a change in policy
第一段介绍该policy,并指出在last decade已得到广泛应用；第二段提出核心问题，这个policy到底是遵循先例法，有长久意义，还是只是暂时糊弄一下公司的女员工。第三段首句回答了这个问题，并且指出这个policy解决了另两个已有的policy不能解决的问题：不同工作种类的员工薪酬可以通过所需培训、工作职责等方面进行比较。变化指的是针对other mandates的改进，significant是因为这个法案不是暂时的，而是可以遵循先例法对以后所有的类似案件进行指导。
(C) To illustrate how a new standard alters procedures
全文没有讨论任何procedure，关于流程的话题
(D) To explain how a new policy is applied in specific cases
应该只重点讨论了一个case
(E) To summarize the changes made to date as a result of social policy
应该是summarize the changes to a social policy,全文没有提该policy的result

Vivian1091

第三段没读懂的同学看过来，大家一起讨论

#3--Comparable worth pay adjustments are indeed precedent-setting.  Because of the principles driving them, other mandates that can be applied to reduce or eliminate unjustified pay gaps between male and female workers have not remedied perceived pay inequities satisfactorily for the litigants in cases in which men and women hold different jobs.  But whenever comparable worth principles are applied to pay schedules, perceived unjustified pay differences are eliminated.  In this sense, then, comparable worth is more comprehensive than other mandates, such as the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
// Neither compares tasks in dissimilar jobs (that is, jobs across occupational categories) in an effort to determine whether or not what is necessary to perform these tasks--know-how, problem-solving, and accountability--can be quantified in terms of its dollar value to the employer.  Comparable worth, on the other hand, takes as its premise that certain tasks in dissimilar jobs may require a similar amount of training, effort, and skill; may carry similar responsibility; may be carried on in an environment having a similar impact upon the worker; and may have a similar dollar value to the employer.
CW, precedent-setting, principles, other mandates(eliminate pay gaps), not remedy perceived pay inequities men women.
Case: neither compare task in dissimilar jobs can be quantifies to the employer.

#3，第一句给了前面问题很明显的答复，CW这个概念是 开了先例的。证明作者对这个概念的评价目前为止都是正面。下面这句很关键。因为这个原则驱使他们，其他的命令，这些命令都可以被应用来减小男女劳工之间的pay gaps，这些原则 并没有令人满意的修正之前的 pay inequity 在这些案子中男女hold不同的jobs。但是当CW这个原则应用在pay schedule的案子中，之前的 没有被justified 那些pay gap都消失了。从这个意义上讲，CW比其他的mandates更加综合。这两句话很清楚的阐明了作者对CW原则和other mandates原则的态度。作者认为CW的原则的出现是开先例的，而且应用这个原则在other mandates原则失败的 案件中，CW可以成功的justify pay gaps。Other mandates用于减少劳工之间的pay gaps，但在以前的经验中，当男女劳工hold不同的jobs的案件中，other mandates并没有成功的remedy这些gap。 总结，在修正pay gap上，CW比other mandates更有效。

像在这个案子中，neither compares tasks in dissimilar jobs in an effort to determine whether or not what is necessary to perform these tasks can be quantified in terms of its dollar value to the employer. 没有可比较的tasks 在不同的jobs中 在努力决定 是否什么是必要的perform these tasks 可以被用钱量化对雇员来讲。CW，另一方面，把这个作为前提，同样的task在不同的job中可能需要 同样的training，effort，skill；responsibility，environment having similar impact upon the worker，dollar value。这个例子前面讲得是CW比mandate优越。在这个案子中，没有可比较的task可以被量化成金钱。举得例子是啥意思，就说mandates在比较不同工作中的task（应该是相同的）的时候不能被量化为金钱，而CW这种方法认为不同工作的certain tasks需要相同的***。这一段的两个意思应该是一脉相承的，前面说了CW好，能justify gap，奠定了CW好的基调。后面说了mandates不能用于比较tasks in 不相同的jobs，又说了CW在处理这个的时候把它当成了前提。后两句的意思应该是CW可以处理certain task在不同工作中（跟#1照应），但是mandates不能处理，因为他不能量化。因为你不知道mandate具体运行机制是啥，所以只要记住作者的评价就可以了。

后面这一段写的非常绕，就四个句子，但是因为句子很长，读懂了也不知道他在讲啥。这就需要你联系上下文，首先前两句可以奠定作者的评价基调CW好。最后一句说CW把神马玩意当前提了，本来这句是没有评价色彩的，但是跟倒数第二句一比较，cannot qualified，那就是说不能比较么，但是CW当前提了，就可以比较么，所以就抽取CW和mandates描述的共同对象tasks in dissimilar jobs ，一个有效另一个没效，就完事了。#1很重要啊，如果第一次度的时候抓住了 CW可以应用于certain task performed in dissimilar jobs，这是整篇文章的落脚点。说了一大堆就说CW可以比较这个，mandate不行。
http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/reading-comprehension-question-t7073.html 这个不错

yl.rich

CaoShengqi 发表于 2011-8-4 21:35
对于43T    我也是不理解a change体现在哪里   原文从头到尾都是在讲这一个policy    ...

我认为在这里的change指的是从other mandates转换到comparable worth上来