GWD-5-Q22

luyinan

Most pre-1990 literature on busi-        大多数1990年前关于IT－

       nesses’ use of information technology            基于电脑的信息系统的任何

       (IT)—defined as any form of computer-           形式－的商业应用的著作，都

Line       based information system—focused on           聚焦于惊人的IT成就，并反映

  (5)      spectacular IT successes and reflected       了人们对IT作为竞争力来源的

a general optimism concerning IT’s poten-      潜力的普遍乐观。

tial as a resource for creating competitive

advantage.  But
            toward the end of the       但是到80年代末，一些经济

1980’s, some economists spoke of a           学家提出”生产力悖论”：尽管

 (10)      “productivity paradox”:  despite huge IT     IT投资巨大，特别是服务业，

investments, most notably in the service        生产力停滞不前。

sectors, productivity stagnated.  In the

retail industry, for example, in which IT         例如在80年代，零售业广泛

had been widely adopted during the           采用IT，其生产力(小时产出)在

 (15)      1980’s, productivity (average output per
                  1973－1989年间年平均增长

hour) rose at an average annual rate of        1.1%，而过去25年间为2.4%。

1.1 percent between 1973 and 1989, com-

pared with 2.4 percent in the preceding

25-year period.  Proponents of IT argued       IT支持者辩护说IT需要时间和

 (20)      that it takes both time and a critical mass       极其重大的投资来产出利益，

       of investment for IT to yield benefits, and           一些人表示90年代的增长数字

       some suggested that growth figures for            证明利益正在得以实现。

the 1990’s proved these benefits were

finally being realized.  They also argued        他们同时说生产力的度量方法

 (25)      that measures of productivity ignore what      忽略了如果没有IT投资的情况：

would have happened without investments      生产率可能会更低。

in IT—productivity gains might have been

even lower.  There were even claims that       甚至有人说虽然宏观的生产力

IT had improved the performance of the         的度量没有体现服务部门有所

 (30)      service sector significantly, although mac-      改善，但IT显著地改善了其

roeconomic measures of productivity did         表现。

not reflect the improvement.
        现象及IT支持者的论据

      But some observers questioned why,     然而一些观察员质疑既然IT

       if IT had conferred economic value, it did           带来经济价值，为什么没有为

 (35)      not produce direct competitive advantages      公司制造直接的竞争力。

for individual firms.  Resource-based           以资源为基础的理论可以解答，

theory offers an answer, asserting that,        公司通过积累具经济价值的、

in general, firms gain competitive advan-         相对稀少的不易复制的资源获

tages by accumulating resources that are        得竞争力。

 (40)      economically valuable, relatively scarce,

and not easily replicated.  According to         根据近期一项对零售公司的

a recent study of retail firms, which con-         研究，受访者确认IT已经普及

firmed that IT has become pervasive            并相对容易掌握，IT本身似乎

and relatively easy to acquire, IT by             不能带来优势。

 (45)      itself appeared to have conferred little

advantage.  In fact, though little evidence       事实上，尽管缺乏直接效果的

of any direct effect was found, the fre-           证据，IT与业绩频繁的负相关

quent negative correlations between IT          暗示了IT可能削弱一些公司的

and performance suggested that IT had         优势地位。

 (50)      probably weakened some firms’ compet-

itive positions.  However表递进, firms’ human  然而，公司的人力资源确实

resources, in and of themselves, did            解释了改善的业绩，一些公司

explain improved performance, and           通过合并IT和补充资源特别

some firms gained IT-related advan-            是人力资源，获得了IT相关

 (55)      tages by merging IT with complementary       的好处。

resources, particularly human resources.

The findings support
            the notion, founded        这些发现支持了以资源基础论，

in resource-based theory, that competi-          即竞争力不是从可随便复制的

tive advantages do not arise from easily         资源获得，不管它有多令人难

 (60)      replicated resources, no matter how           忘或具有经济价值，而是从复杂

impressive or economically valuable            的无形资源中获得。

they may be, but from complex, intan-

gible resources.

GWD-5-Q22:

The passage is primarily concerned with

             

A.     describing a resource and indicating various methods used to study it

B.     presenting a theory and offering an opposing point of view

C.     providing an explanation for unexpected findings

D.     demonstrating why a particular theory is unfounded

E.     resolving a disagreement regarding the uses of a technology

请问为什么选C呀??   B不可以吗   谢谢