现在分词整理(完)

ad264

    

产生participle phrases原点是为了to reduce wordiness by replacing longer adverbial or relative clauses，另外要强调的重要讯息不会写成participle phrases，因为分词修饰语属于次等地位(The
modifier is subordinate to the main clause)。也就是说A….and B…(A与B一样重要)，如果A…V..,B...Ving (就重要性而言A>B)

    

简单一句：分词构句是主要句子的意义延伸。

    

目前我看到有几种句意：

1. 因果(★★★★★)

2. 补述：解释某事(★★★)、描述状态并列或伴随(★★)、纯举例

            

    

participle
phrases如此具困扰性是因为可以改写的来源多

    

1.由adj. clauses (如who, which开头)可改写成分词词组。考题中可分形容词子句限制性、非限制性改分词的考法。

    

2. 副词子句(有连接词开头的)也可改分词词组，所以有因果关系或时间关系，单纯就时间关系看，可以有先后或同时，会有动作是伴随或是并列关系。

    

3.当三个以上的动词用and相连时，后面的部分也改写成分词(V, Ving... and Ving...)。

    

        我看过的说法中，觉得Manhatan GMAT备考网站，里面指导员所讲的分词概念不错，但是他的目的在卖书，所以讲的真的不多。

    

1.当分词构句放句首，修饰后面句子的主词。前几天看到有人发帖的整理，讲到分词在句首，表示此动作先于主要句子的动作，讲的真好。

    

2.当分词构句不放在句首时:

    

if
there's NO COMMA before a participle, then the participle creates an adjective phrase that modifies the noun immediately
preceding.
            

    

if
there's a COMMA before a participle, then the participle creates an adverb phrase that modifies the action of the preceding
clause.

    

PS：逗号的产生可能是插入语，遇到插入语可以跳过不看，不代表分词修饰这个插入语。

            

        判断上抓前句的动词与主词，如果用中文想就是「此主体这个动作的行为导致或表示.....」(to modify the action of)。而且不可以只有思考主词或动词。

    

如果遇到前句有数个动词，以找最近的动词为主，譬如V1 to V2，分词构句修饰V2

    

3.
participle (V-ing) after the comma can not modify the subject of the preceding clause's
noun.

    

這個考「什么情况下不可以改成分词构句?」除了需要有对等连接词的句子，不可改分词构句，因为句意重要性会被改变外，

    

打逗号的Ving分词，无法修饰逗号之前的名词，所以非限制的形容词子句最好不要改分词Ving构句(有7個考題)，但是Ved分词例外(有两个考题)。

    
        
                
            
            
                
                
            
            
                
            
            
                
                
            
            
                
                
            
        

非限制的形容词子句，不可以改为Ving分词
Y79	The Parthenon was a church from 1204 until 1456, when Athens was taken   by General Mohammed the Conqueror,                             the Turkish sultan, who established   a mosque in the building and used the Acropolis as a fortress.                                             * 不可改成establishing会变成修饰Athens
非限制的形容词子句，改成Ved分词                      ,-ed 修饰逗号之前的名词
	The ancient Anasazi harvested such native desert vegetation as the purple-flowered   bee plant, now commonly called   wild spinach in northern Arizona and other parts of the southwestern United States.                      * ancient暗示古人                      * which is called
GWD                      4-Q34	Building on civilizations that preceded them in coastal Peru, the Mochica   developed their own elaborate society,                             based on                             the   cultivation of such crops as corn and beans, the                             harvesting of   fish and seafood, and                             the exploitation of other   wild and domestic resources.                      * which is based on                      * A of (B and C)

    

这整理，一定有不全处，因为GMAT喜欢创造例外。 

[此贴子已经被作者于2008-6-10 15:02:24编辑过]

dingxiang

分词确实是个蛮难的topic, 我整理的OG对分词的考点有:

分词与从句取舍

分词与不定式取舍

分词与谓语动词的取舍

现在分词与过去分词的取舍

先写个大概, 抛砖引玉

ad264

請問你所謂的：

分詞與不定式取捨

分詞與謂語動詞的取捨

可否告知考題一下，謝謝！

ricee

以下是引用ad264在2008-5-29 23:12:00的发言：

participle (V-ing) after the comma can not modify the subject of the preceding clause's
noun.

打逗号又立即修饰前面那个名词的考题，我目前没有看到，若有看到请告诉我。

OG11有一题，很突兀的，我的理解是分词这里是修饰前面的名词。分词的确是比较多考又相对变化多端的一个点，一起讨论吧：

哦，还是我理解错你的意思了呢，MM还是说是不能修饰句子的主语？

For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows and spears.

(A) a method to protect

(B) as a method protecting

(C) protecting

(D) as a protection of

(E) to protect

Logical predication + rhetorical construction

The underlined part of the sentence begins a phrase describing items of military equipment. It is awkward and inaccurate to describe items as a method. Replacing the underlined phrase with the participle protecting creates a modifying phrase that clearly explains the purpose of the items of military equipment.

A     A method to protect is an awkward reference to items

B      The singular a method should not refer to the plural items, as a method protecting is not idiomatic

C     Correct. In this sentence, protecting properly introduces a modifying phrase revealing the purpose of the items.

D     Beginning the phrase with as is incorrect; using the noun form protection creates wordiness

E      The infinitive to protect cannot act as an adjective modifying items; the participial form of the verb, protecting, is required

The correct answer is C.

[此贴子已经被作者于2008-5-31 1:10:32编辑过]

ad264

    

分词打逗号，如果修饰前句动词，遇到动词是BE，这种没有实际意思的动词，我感觉是看该修饰句的主词或be动词后的N，意思都都说的通。

            

        只是BE动词后面的常会出现一串东西，

        像是此题就是落在
        A is... N1 of N2

        而C选项的解释也落在N1，不是N2

        C     Correct.
In this sentence, protecting properly introduces a modifying phrase revealing
the purpose of the items.

                

            我上面没写的就是我还在思考分词修饰动词中，动词有两类：一般动词跟BE动词，怎样判断修饰对象比较好？这一点我思考中...

            

        以下是我附檔的一部份

    
        
                
            
            
                
                
            
            
                
                
            
            
                
                
            
        

解释目的或功能(通常前句是有be动词)
橙24	For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti   nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden   frames were essential items of military equipment,                             protecting warriors against enemy   arrows and spears.                                             * the participle explains the purpose of the items of military equipment.
	Hydrocarbons, with which fruit flies perfume themselves in species-specific   blends, are known to be important   in courtship, apparently assisting flies that taste the hydrocarbons on   prospective mates in distinguishing their own   species from others.
橙104	Nuclear fusion is the force   that powers the Sun, the stars, and hydrogen bombs,                             merging the nuclei of atoms rather   than splitting them apart, as nuclear reactors   do.                                                      * merging与splitting的主词是                         nuclear fusion。                      * 可以写Nuclear fusion is the force that powers the Sun, the stars, and hydrogen   bombs and                             merges...但是and前面不可以有逗号 (800Bob说明连结)。

    

PS:
800Bob是国外教GMAT的老师，已经20年

    

 

[此贴子已经被作者于2008-5-31 12:32:57编辑过]

ad264

还有一种 -ed分词修饰语，置於逗号後面的，我目前找寻中。

Colx

For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, protecting warriors against enemy arrows and spears

我一直有个疑问，难道protecting就不能直接修饰前面的名词equipment吗？没有歧义吗？

能不能认为protecting修饰主语 animal-hide shields ，这样不就没有歧义了

同样，104，merging到底修是谁？按照24地解释，似乎是修饰 the force

N1  be  N2 of N3, Ving 如何判断Ving的修饰关系，在逻辑判断上有没有什么优先顺序呢？还是肯定修饰N2?

ad264

因為be 动词是等号的意思
A is B ....A=B
所以OG有些题目考be动词特性的，像下题

    
        
                
                
            
        

橙64	The   technical term "pagination" refers   to a process that allows editors, rather than   printers, to assemble the page images that become the metal or plastic plates   used in printing .                      (X) term is a process

    
所以如果要讨论N1  be  N2 of N3, Ving
要说Ving修饰N2或N1我觉得意思上差不多，几乎都通。

如果要求养成考试思维，直接找Ving修饰的前句，动词前面，即S+V，主词去判断就好。

由於我目前还在作题中，所以也不敢下定论，我觉得将这些正确选项句子整理，再验证文法或思维，让之更完整。

所以各位如果作题有看到可分享一下。

Colx

MM回帖好快啊

因為be 动词是等号的意思
A is B ....A=B

我也有类似的感觉，大的平行

ricee

以下是引用ad264在2008-5-31 11:55:00的发言：

 

分词打逗号，如果修饰前句动词，遇到动词是BE，这种没有实际意思的动词，我感觉是看该修饰句的主词或be动词后的N，意思都都说的通。

   

  只是BE动词后面的常会出现一串东西，

  像是此题就是落在
  A is... N1 of N2

  而C选项的解释也落在N1，不是N2

  C     Correct.
In this sentence, protecting properly introduces a modifying phrase revealing
the purpose of the items.

    

   我上面没写的就是我还在思考分词修饰动词中，动词有两类：一般动词跟BE动词，怎样判断修饰对象比较好？这一点我思考中...

   

  以下是我附檔的一部份

 

解释目的或功能(通常前句是有be动词)
橙24	For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti   nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden   frames were essential items of military equipment,        protecting warriors against enemy   arrows and spears.               * the participle explains the purpose of the items of military equipment.
	Hydrocarbons, with which fruit flies perfume themselves in species-specific   blends, are known to be important   in courtship, apparently assisting flies that taste the hydrocarbons on   prospective mates in distinguishing their own   species from others.
橙104	Nuclear fusion is the force   that powers the Sun, the stars, and hydrogen bombs,        merging the nuclei of atoms rather   than splitting them apart, as nuclear reactors   do.               * merging与splitting的主词是       nuclear fusion。       * 可以写Nuclear fusion is the force that powers the Sun, the stars, and hydrogen   bombs and        merges...但是and前面不可以有逗号 (800Bob说明连结)。

 

PS:
800Bob是国外教GMAT的老师，已经20年

再来一个OG的例子：

In a plan to stop the erosion of East Coast beaches, the Army Corps of Engineers proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise six feet above the waterline and act as a buffer, so that it absorbs the energy of crashing waves and protecting the beaches.

(A) act as a buffer, so that it absorbs

(B) act like a buffer so as to absorb

(C) act as a buffer, absorbing

(D) acting as a buffer, absorbing（C）

(E) acting like a buffer, absorb

OG的解释是“The last part of the sentence describes the breakwater and should consist of two grammatically parallel phrases, absorbing ... and protecting, in order to show two equal functions. ”，不过这个应该是分词作状语，修饰实义动词act更为恰当，虽然也同样和24题是作为function。

[此贴子已经被作者于2008-5-31 19:44:11编辑过]