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  In 1860 the United States was predominantly rural.  Most people were engaged in agriculture, and about   80 percent of the population actually resided on farms  or in small villages.  Only 20 percent lived in towns  and cities of 2,500 or more, the census definition of  an urban area after 1880.  New York alone in 1860  had more than 1 million people, and only 8 cities  could boast about a population of more than  100,000.  Thereafter the transition from a rural to a   predominantly urban nation was especially remarkable  because of its speed.  By 1900 urbanization, with all of  its benefits, problems, and prospects for a fuller life,   became the mark of modern America.  shift to an urbanized society.  Railroad terminals,  factories, skyscrapers, apartment houses, streetcars,  electric engines, department stores,  and the increased pace of life were all signs of  an emerging urban America.  Indeed, the vitality,   dynamic quality, variety, and restless experimentalism  in society centered in the urban communities where the  only constant factor was change itself.     Urbanization did not proceed uniformly throughout   the nation.  New England and the Middle Atlantic states  contained the highest percentage of city dwellers.  In  the Middle West, the growth of cities such as Chicago,   Milwaukee, Cleveland, and St. Louis showed the  importance of urbanization in that region.  The three   West Coast states also experienced rapid urban  growth.  In the South, urbanization developed much   more slowly, although by 1910 the expansion of transpo-  rtation, commerce, and industry had greatly  increased the population of older cities such as  New Orleans and stimulated the growth of new urban   centers such as Birmingham.  However, the South   remained predominantly rural.  Only somewhat more  than 20 percent of the population in that region was   urban by 1910.     In some regions the urban impact had a   depressing effect upon the surrounding rural   communities.  Much of New England in the late   nineteenth century presented a discouraging picture  of abandoned farms and sickly villages as people  forsook the countryside and rushed to the larger towns  and cities.  In the Middle West, particularly  Ohio and Illinois, hundreds of townships lost   population in the 1880's. |