请NN帮助GWD18-Q9，GWD3-23~~~~！！！

emmadon

GWD-18-Q7-Q10

 

      The term “episodic memory” was

       introduced by Tulving to refer to what he

       considered a uniquely human capacity—

Line       the ability to recollect specific past events,

  (5)      to travel back into the past in one’s own

mind—as distinct from the capacity simply

to use information acquired through past

experiences.  Subsequently, Clayton et al.

developed criteria to test for episodic

 (10)      memory in animals.  According to these

criteria, episodic memories are not of

individual bits of information; they involve

multiple components of a single event

“bound” together.  Clayton sought to

 (15)      examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate

memory of “what,” “where,” and “when”

information and their binding of this infor-

mation.  In the wild, these birds store food

for retrieval later during periods of food

 (20)      scarcity.  Clayton’s experiment required

       jays to remember the type, location, and

       freshness of stored food based on a unique

learning event.  Crickets were stored in one

location and peanuts in another.  Jays

 (25)      prefer crickets, but crickets degrade

more quickly.  Clayton’s birds switched

their preference from crickets to peanuts

once the food had been stored for a certain

length of time, showing that they retain

 (30)      information about the what, the where,

and the when.  Such experiments cannot,

however, reveal whether the birds were

       reexperiencing the past when retrieving the

information.  Clayton acknowledged this by

using the term “episodic-like” memory.

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Q9:

It can be inferred that the author of the passage and Clayton would both agree that

             

1. the food preferences of the scrub jays in Clayton’s experiment are difficult to explain
2. the presence of episodic memory cannot be inferred solely on the basis of observable behavior
3. Clayton’s experiment demonstrated that scrub jays do not reexperience the past but do exhibit episodic-like memory
4. Tulving substantially underestimated the ability of animals to bind different kinds of information
5. Clayton’s experiment had certain fundamental design flaws that make it difficult to draw any conclusions about scrub jay’s memories

答案是B。文中哪里有说observable behavior啊，奇怪！我选的是D。因为开头我highlight的那句话suggests了TULVING没想过动物也具有这种功能。

请指教~

GWD3-Q23 to Q26:

      Why firms adhere to or deviate

       from their strategic plans is poorly

       understood.  However, theory and

Line       limited research suggest that the

  (5)      process through which such plans

emerge may play a part.  In particular,

top management decision-sharing—

consensus-oriented, team-based

decision-making—may increase the

 (10)      likelihood that firms will adhere to their

plans, because those involved in the

decision-making may be more com-

mitted to the chosen course of action,

thereby increasing the likelihood that

 (15)      organizations will subsequently adhere

to their plans.

      However, the relationship between

top management decision-sharing and

adherence to plans may be affected

 (20)      by a firm’s strategic mission (its fun-

       damental approach to increasing

       sales revenue and market share, and

generating cash flow and short-term

profits).  At one end of the strategic

 (25)      mission continuum, “build” strategies

are pursued when a firm desires to

increase its market share and is willing

to sacrifice short-term profits to do so.

At the other end, “harvest” strategies

 (30)      are used when a firm is willing to

sacrifice marked share for short-term

profitability and cash-flow maximiza-

       tion.  Research and theory suggest

that top management decision-sharing

 (35)
                       may have a more positive relationship

with adherence to plans among firms

with harvest strategies than among

firms with build strategies.  In a study

      of strategic practices in several large

 (40)     firms, managers in harvest strategy

scenarios were more able to adhere

to their business plans.  As one of the

managers in the study explained it,

this is partly because “[t]ypically all a

 (45)      manager has to do [when implementing

a harvest strategy] is that which was

done last year.”  Additionally, man-

agers under harvest strategies may

have fewer strategic options than do

 (50)      those under build strategies; it may

therefore be easier to reach agree-

ment on a particular course of action

through decision-sharing, which will

in turn tend to promote adherence

 (55)      to plans.  Conversely, in a “build”

strategy scenario, individual leader-

ship, rather than decision-sharing,

may promote adherence to plans.

Build strategies—which typically

 (60)      require leaders with strong perso-

nal visions for a firm’s future, rather

than the negotiated compromise

of the team-based decision—may

be most closely adhered to when

 (65)      implemented in the context of a clear

strategic vision of an individual leader,

rather than through the practice of

decision-sharing.

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GWD3-Q23:

Which of the following best describes the function of the first sentence (lines 17-24) of the second paragraph of the passage?

             

1. To answer a question posed in the first sentence of the passage about why firms adopt particular strategic missions
2. To refute an argument made in the first paragraph about how top management decision-making affects whether firms will adhere to their strategic plans
3. To provide evidence supporting a theory introduced in the first paragraph about what makes firms adhere to or deviate from their strategic plants
4. To qualify an assertion made in the preceding sentence (lines 6-16) about how top management decision-making affects the likelihood that firms will adhere to their strategic plans
5. To explain a distinction relied on in the second paragraph (lines 17-68) regarding two different kinds of strategic missions

ANSWER: D/E

我选的是B。

[此贴子已经被作者于2007-8-22 22:41:10编辑过]

emmadon

顶。。

emmadon

再顶。。

emmadon

DING...

Winterfish

正好这两天也在研究阅读，说一下自己的看法。

第一个答案的确很难找，因为需要很高的逻辑思维。我也选错了，选E了。后来我明白了，答案B是从整个文章推出的一个结论，既然是结论就必须是概括性的（抽象），其他几个选项都太具体于某个方面了，用排除法吧。楼主对开头的理解正好反了，只有人有episodic memory，别的动物没有，这个就是Clayton也承认的。

第二个我看到的参考答案是E，不过我倾向自己的，选D。不能选B，refute太绝对，因为文章作者虽然对前段结论有异议，however并不是全盘否认，只是说有些因素要另行考虑，所以还是有递进关系的。D中qualify用得很好，很准确，E的explain就明显有些别扭，因为2段开头是主旨，后面的展开是服务主旨的，也就是后者解释开头，所以我不同意选E。