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The professionalization of the study of history in the second half of the nineteenth century, including history's transformation from a literary genre to a scientific discipline, had important consequences not only for historians' perceptions of women but also for women as historians. The disappearance of women as objects of historical studies during this period has elements of irony to it. On the one hand, in writing about women, earlier historians had relied not on firsthand sources but rather on secondary sources; the shift to more rigorous research methods required that secondary sources be disregarded. On the other hand, the development of archival research and the critical editing of collections of documents began to reveal significant new historical evidence concerning women, yet this evidence was perceived as substantially irrelevant: historians saw political history as the general framework for historical writing. Because women were seen as belonging to the private rather than to the public sphere, the discovery of documents about them, or by them, did not, by itself, produce history acknowledging the contributions of women. In addition, genres such as biography and memoir, those forms of "particular history" that women had traditionally authored, fell into disrepute. The dividing line between "particular history" and general history was redefined in stronger terms, widening the gulf between amateur and professional practices of historical research.
Question #41. 270-02 (23168-!-item-!-188;#058&000270-02)
Which of the following best describes one of the "elements of irony" referred to in the highlighted text?
(A) Although the more scientific-minded historians of the second half of the nineteenth century considered women appropriate subjects for historical writing, earlier historians did not. (B) Although archival research uncovered documentary evidence of women's role in history, historians continued to rely on secondary sources for information about women. (C) Although historians were primarily concerned with writing about the public sphere, they generally relegated women to the private sphere. (D) The scientific approach to history revealed more information about women, but that information was ignored. (E) The professionalization of history, while marginalizing much of women's writing about history, enhanced the importance of women as historical subjects. 答案是D但是文章只是说一是用的是二手资料,二是正确不相关,没有看到说information was ignored,my answer is B,为什么呢 Many people believe that because wages are lower in developing countries than in developed countries, competition from developing countries in goods traded internationally will soon eliminate large numbers of jobs in developed countries. Currently, developed countries' advanced technology results in higher productivity, which accounts for their higher wages. Advanced technology is being transferred ever more speedily across borders, but even with the latest technology, productivity and wages in developing countries will remain lower than in developed countries for many years because developed countries have better infrastructure and better-educated workers. When productivity in a developing country does catch up, experience suggests that wages there will rise. Some individual firms in developing countries have raised their productivity but kept their wages (which are influenced by average productivity in the country's economy) low. However, in a developing country's economy as a whole, productivity improvements in goods traded internationally are likely to cause an increase in wages. Furthermore, if wages are not allowed to rise, the value of the country's currency will appreciate, which (from the developed countries' point of view) is the equivalent of increased wages in the developing country. And although in the past a few countries have deliberately kept their currencies undervalued, that is now much harder to do in a world where capital moves more freely.Question #57. 549-06 (23940-!-item-!-188;#058&000549-06)
The passage suggests that if the movement of capital in the world were restricted, which of the following would be likely?
(A) Advanced technology could move more quickly from developed countries to developing countries. (B) Developed countries could compete more effectively for jobs with developing countries. (C) A country's average wages could increase without significantly increasing the sophistication of its technology or the value of its currency. (D) A country's productivity could increase without significantly increasing the value of its currency. (E) Workers could obtain higher wages by increasing their productivity. 答案是D不知道为什么 Question #57. 549-06 (23940-!-item-!-188;#058&000549-06)
The passage suggests that if the movement of capital in the world were restricted, which of the following would be likely?
(A) Advanced technology could move more quickly from developed countries to developing countries. (B) Developed countries could compete more effectively for jobs with developing countries. (C) A country's average wages could increase without significantly increasing the sophistication of its technology or the value of its currency. (D) A country's productivity could increase without significantly increasing the value of its currency. (E) Workers could obtain higher wages by increasing their productivity. 答案是D不知道为什么 
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