我怀疑这是一个笔误,这个从句应该是:when a randomly chosen group of people is tested for cocaine use, the vast majority of those who test positive will be people who have used cocaine.
如果前面100 people who have not used cocaine 是randomly chosen得来的,100 people who have used cocaine也是randomly chosen得来的,而且后面a randomly chosen group of people量也足够大,作者的推理就是正确的。