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这次toefl基本上是考砸了，因为阅读的时候我似乎漏做了整整１４道题。我在做题的时候想参照原文后来按了continue的键结果把我带到另外一篇文章去了。可想而知后面的阅读听力口语写作就没有什么心思去做了。唉，都怪我没有复习，以为自己现在在上社区大学考托福就肯定没有问题，却没有想到应该熟悉一下电脑做题的程序和按钮的功能。现在忍痛写下我所能记下的： 1.阅读： 第一篇是说十八十九世纪的art and craft运动。说在当时社会，人们不把craft看成一种艺术而只看重fine art。所以一些人倡导把crafts也包括到art的范畴之内来。文章指出当时的这个运动是在工业革命的背景下发生的，呼吁改善工人工作环境，从而也可以提高工作效率。后来提到了三个运动领导人以及他们各自的主要见解，大同小异。还说要把艺术引进到人们的日程生活当中来。 第二篇是说生物进化有体积变大的趋势，并分析指出体积大的个体容易获取食物，在寻觅交配对象也比较占优势，所以后代在进化过程中大个的也就变的多起来。然后文章说体积大不一定就是好事。想象一个体积有几层楼高的动物，因为体重过重，很可能站都站不起来。给了一个例子：大象。在漫长的进化中，大象体积变大，为了支持体重，大象需要不停的进食，咀嚼，从而有了很大的头部。头大了，头就重，所以要求脖子短来支持。脖子一短，大象能够到的地方就有限，于是有了长鼻子和长牙来弥补。这些都是大象在进化过程中针对体积庞大而形成的适应性特征。下一段文章提到儒艮（也就是咱们说的海牛，英文是mantese），其实和大象是同一个祖先。体积庞大的动物进化成多种别的动物的余地不大，这也是大动物的局限之一。最后文章提到了鲸，说鲸体积虽大但是有海水浮力支撑，然后简要提到了最早的鲸的化石是在巴基斯坦的一个shallow river的河床沉积找到的。通过后来的考古研究表明那个鲸的祖先开始是有后腿的，进化过程中逐渐消失，并从河转移到了海，最终到只在海洋生活。 第三篇是说人工降雨。在美国历史上人们很早就想控制天气。在美国内战的时候，人们偶然的发现在战后容易下雨。当时的国会让美国农业部开发炮弹促进降雨的工程结果没有什么成效。直到１９４６年，美国General Electric有个员工发现干冰能让supercooled water become snow particles.文章给supercool下了定义就是低于零度但是还没有结冰。于是人们开始用dry ice和silver iodide来进行人工降雨。其原理就是dry ice makes the moisture freeze into ice particles and the surrounding moisture freeze around it.也就是为降雨提供了凝结核。后来文章说有人担心这样下去会使地面水体的含银量增高，但是调查并没有显示这个说法。（这个就是我返回原文察看的文章，结果后面的就砸了～～～） 第四篇是说植物的defense system，以及科学家为证实defense system对于deter animal feeding on them有很大的用处。这个文章是看的最烂的，因为当时前一篇文章按错健，知道自己莫名其妙被带到下一篇文章，心快要跳出来了，结果什么也不知道了！！！５５５５～～～ 最后一篇是说美国工业化。和欧洲比较，美国地广人稀，劳动力不足，所以manufacturer想尽办法提高效率，推广使用机器。(对不住大家，细节都每怎么看了，唉！） 听力 第一篇是一个入学新生和保安的谈话。学生本来是应该去housing office领取宿舍的钥匙，但是因为飞机晚点，行李丢失，出租车司机迷路很晚才到学校，housing office以于５点关门。于是学生去保安室看有什么办法没有。保安说她可以安排学生入住宿舍，并向学生要他的宿舍地址好给他钥匙，但是因为行李丢失，学生没有宿舍地址在身上。学生问保安电脑记录会不会有，但是保安解释说电脑现在暂时坏了，每办法看。最后保安看学生“今天”遭遇多多，安排他住进conference room，就是学校一般开研讨会的hotel，让他好好先睡一晚，第二天再解决钥匙的事情。 第二篇是说marine biology。说的是软体动物，分了两大类，还主要讲了珍珠是怎样形成的。细节记不清楚了，因为很多生物名词，但是题目不难。 第三是说火山的形成。文章从板块学说讲起，说在板块接触的地方和板块中心都可以后火山。hawaii就是火山岛，在太平洋板块的中心。由于lava从地缝相对慢慢涌出，冷却后变成火山岛。这类火山岛的坡度比较缓，因为lava出来的时候不剧烈。相比之下，板块交界地带的火山坡度比较steep。拿了意大利的Naples做例子。因为板块交界，lava密度比较大，空气不易渗出，所以lava下面的气压很大，爆发的时候很剧烈，并且带动岩石的碎块，形成stratovolcano（也就是板块交界地带的火山）。 第四是考古学的，说美洲大陆最早居住人类到底是哪来的。最光为接受的理论是clovis theory，也就是亚洲人在１２０００到１３０００年前从亚洲和北美洲的冰桥走过来到美洲，后来散居整个美洲。但是这个理论后来受到了置疑，因为两出遗址的发现。一处是智利的Mount Verde，经过考察查证，他们的历史追溯到１２５００以前，比一般说的clovis people要老。另一处遗址是texas的，找到了很多worn out clovis tools，根据这个发现，既然工具被用到这么旧，要么clovis people并没有游居美洲，而是呆在那儿２００－３００年，或是有更早的人类。后来还提到印第安人语言的繁多，不可能在两三百年就发展那么快之类的论端。总之文章就是列举各个遗迹的发现以及推翻clovis theory的分析。 还有一个听力是学生和老师关于marketing proposal的谈话。学生打算推广一个当地的诊所，这个诊所不同一般在于人们不需要预约可以直接walk-in。老师说这个想法很好，但是学生的research section还没有形成，并且给了学生一些建议，比如去考察一下别的walk-in clinic都是怎样宣传的....并且建议学生找同学collaborate。 口语： 1. What is your favorite time of the year? Why? 2. A conversation between a boy and a girl. The girl hurt her back and the doctor told her she needs plenty of rest for a whole month. She is not getting better because she has to haul the heavy textbooks around campus. The man suggests her that since she lives on campus, she can go back to the dorm to get the textbook for the next class withouth carrying them around. She did not want to do that because her dorm locates on one side of the campus and it takes extra 20 minutes for her to get her textbooks that way. The the man suggested her sharing textbooks with her classmates. She can explain that this is just temporary to her classmates. The girl did not like this idea either because she likes to take notes on the margin of the book so she can better review for the tests. The question is which solution do you prefer and why? 3. About psychological term "extinction". When someone has an undesirable behavior, other people give what he wants in order to stop this behavior. However, intentionally or not, this is a reward for that person and he will continue doing this undesirable thing in the future. The listening passage gave an example about a mother taking her son to the grocery store. When they passed the cookie isle, her son started whining and crying because he wanted the cookie. The mother, in order to stop his embarrasing behavior, finally gave in and bought him the cookie. She was not aware that she was actually rewarding the boy's undesirable behavior and he will repeat this in the future. What she should do is to ignore his whining and crying. Therefore, his crying behavior is not rewards and this behavior is going to decrease untill it eventually disappears. And that is what's called extinction in psychology. Basically the question of the speaking is to repeat the example given in the passage and explain what is extinction. 4. The school is not going to let first-year undergraduate to park on campus. Two students were discussing about this. The girl at first thought this is a good idea and the boy did not. He believed that to cancel freshman parking on campus is not going to make a big different and according to his research, there were actually only 85 first-year undergraduates who actually applied for a parking pass. 85 spaces are not significant enought to solve the parking problem. He also suggested that the school should change the lot behind the football stadium into a parking lot and that is the long-term solution to the parking problem. 5.About archetects. The article said that back in the 18th century, many archetects did not want to build regular buildings(engineers build regular buildings). They only got involved in huge projects like palaces. However, in the 19th century, the situation started the change. Some archetects started to work with big companies, like Henry Ford. His company was very famous and it wouldn't hurt for archetect to work with his factories. The listening passage mentioned two famous archetects: Julius and Albert Zahn who are brothers. Julius invented steel bars in cement, making it more reliable. (我觉的就是我们国内说的钢筋混凝土）Thia invention made it possible to reduce the support structure space and provide more interior space for factories. Albert, the other brother, also uses this cement structure and he also likes to use a lot of windows, makes his factory designs with plenty of light and one storey so that the workers' working condition is better and the movement of materials is easier with only on storey. Later a British archetect was mentioned. He introduced Julius's cenment structure to Britain and he was also an advocate for improving working conditions for the workers. However, unlike the brothers mentioned earlier, he puts more emphasis on the factory's exterior. The Hoover factory was on a busy road and its exterior looks like a palace. This is because they want to establish good public image. 6. To open a business, you needs to get financial support from investors. There are two major documents. Business plan and summary. Business plan is very long, with a lot of details. It provides all the info investors need to know before making decisions, including the layouts of your products, service and intended customers. In contrast, summary is brief with some general information. Because a lot of investors are very busy, they may not have time to read a long business plan, so a good summary works to gain their interest and decide if they want to move on to read the business plan. The speaker also mentioend an example of her friend who wanted to open a furniture business. At first she only sent out business plans and no investor contacted her; later she sent out summary first and became successful. 写作：１.the reading passage was about introducing foreign species to new areas. The article mentioned three big aspects of negative results: destroy the new local environment and native species; upset local ecological balance; impose economic burden. The speaker later refuted these three positions using cow in america, cane toad in florida and mesquite in africa. These examples are the same ones used in the reading passage simply with different aspects. 2. Do you agree with the statement that it is better to have intelligent friends than friends with a good sense of humor? 终于考完了，学校１４号考完，toefl１５号也给解决了。最后我还是选了送分给学校，不然１５０美元不就落水里了。 大家帮我想想，阅读到底有几篇啊？我是不是没救了？！ | 
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发表于 2006-12-17 12:49:00
楼主
发表于 2006-12-18 00:21:00
