在困难的日子里

cactusNO1

今天开始OG阅读的第二遍总结，这次会分的细一点，贴出来，希望大家指点一下。谢谢!

Passage 1

Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been called

“the most widely used psychoactive substance on Earth .”

Synder, Daly and Bruns have recently proposed that

caffeine affects behavior by countering the activity in
            

(5) the human brain of a naturally occurring chemical called  这儿指出SDB的观点，判断句

adenosine.
            指出一个新名词
                Adenosine normally depresses neuron firing

in many areas of the brain.
            其作用（
                It apparently does this by

inhibiting the release of
                    neurotransmitters, chemicals              

 D  permits release of neurotransmitters when it is bound to adenosine receptors, whereas adenosine inhibits such release

 

that carry nerve impulses from one neuron to the next.）进一步解释如何产生作用。

(10)
                    Like（出现like容易出题）
                many other agents that affect neuron firing,

adenosine must first bind to specific receptors on

neuronal membranes. There are at least two classes

of these receptors, which have been designated A1 and

A2.
                    Snyder et al propose that caffeine, which is
                            struc-第五题定位

(15) turally similar to adenosine, is able to bind to both types

of receptors, which prevents adenosine from attaching

there and allows the neurons to fire more readily than

they otherwise would.进一步的观点

第一段主要是提出SDB的观点

 

For many years,
                老观点
                    caffeine’s effects have been attri-

(20) buted to its inhibition of the production of phosphodi- 第四题

Esterase新名词,
                an enzyme that breaks down the chemical

called cyclic AMP 对新名词的解释.（A number of neurotransmitters exert

their effects by first increasing cyclic AMP concentra-

tions in target neurons. Therefore, prolonged periods at

(25) the elevated concentrations, as might be brought about

by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, could lead to a greater

amount of neuron firing and, consequently, to behav-

ioral stimulation.）具体发挥作用的描写 But Snyder et al point out that the

caffeine
                concentrations
                    needed to inhibit the production

(30) of phosphodiesterase in the brain are much higher 比较需注意 than

those that produce stimulation.
                Moreover, other com-

pounds that block phosphodiesterase’s activity are not

stimulants.

第二段是说明以前的老观点以及DB反驳。

To buttress their case
            （说明了这三段的主题）that caffeine acts instead by pre-

(35) venting adenosine binding,做实验的目的 Snyder et al compared the

stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with

their ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in

the brains of mice. “In general,” they reported, “the

ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors

(40) correlates with their ability to stimulate locomotion in

the mouse; i.e.,
                        the higher their capacity to bind at the

receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate locomo-

tion.”
                进一步举例
                Theophylline, a close structural relative of caffeine

and the major stimulant in tea, was one of the most

(45) effective compounds in both regards.

第三段是举例进一步证明自己的观点

There were some apparent exceptions to the general

correlation observed between adenosine-receptor binding

and stimulation. One of these was a compound called

3-isobuty1-1-methylxanthine(IBMX), which bound very

(50) well but actually depressed mouse locomotion. Snyder

et al suggest that this is not a major stumbling block to

their hypothesis. The problem is that the compound has

mixed effects
                观点in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with  第三题定位

psychoactive drugs. Even caffeine, which is generally

(55) known only for its stimulatory effects, displays this

property, depressing mouse locomotion at very low

concentrations and stimulating it at higher ones.

第四段说明一些特殊的情况，并用其观点做出进一步解释

 

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to  写法性主题题

(A) discuss a plan for investigation of a phenomenon that is not yet fully understood

(B) present two explanations of a phenomenon and reconcile the differences between them

(C) summarize two theories and suggest a third theory that overcomes the problems encountered in the first two

(D) describe an alternative hypothesis and provide evidence and arguments that support it

(E) challenge the validity of a theory by exposing the inconsistencies and contradictions in it

 

2. According so Snyder et al, caffeine differs from adenosine
            关键字，定位第一段in that caffeine

(A) stimulates behavior in the mouse and in humans,
            没提到whereas adenosine stimulates behavior in humans only

(B) has mixed effects
            第四段内容in the brain, whereas adenosine has only a stimulatory effect

(C) increases cyclic AMP
            第三段内容concentrations in target neurons, whereas adenosine decreases such concentrations

(D) permits release of neurotransmitters when it is bound to adenosine receptors, whereas adenosine inhibits such release

(E) inhibits both neuron firing and the production of phosphodiesterase 第二段内容when there is a sufficient concentration in the brain, whereas adenosine inhibits only neuron firing

 

3. In response to experimental results concerning IBMX,定位第四段 Snyder et al contended that it is not uncommon for psychoactive drugs to have

(A) mixed effects in the brain

(B) inhibitory effects on enzymes in the brain 第二段内容

(C) close structural relationships with caffeine 第一段内容

(D) depressive effects on mouse locomotion 第三段内容

(E) the ability to dislodge caffeine from receptors in the brain 第三段内容

 

4. According to Snyder et al, all of the following compounds can bind to specific receptors in the brain EXCEPT
            细节题

(A) IBMX

(B) caffeine

(C) adenosine

(D) theophylline

(E) phosphodiesterase 第二段的关键词

 

5. Snyder et al suggest that caffeine’s ability to bind to A1 and A2 receptors定位第一段 can be at least partially attributed to which of the following?

(A) The chemical relationship between caffeine and phosphodiesterase  第二段

(B) The structural relationship between caffeine and adenosine
                

(C) The structural similarity between caffeine and neurotransmitters 混

(D) The ability of caffeine to stimulate behavior 错

(E) The natural occurrence of caffeine and adenosine in the brain 错

 

6. The author quotes Snyder et al in lines 38-43 most probably in order to  举例作用题

(A) reveal some of the assumptions underlying their theory

(B) summarize a major finding of their experiments

(C) point out that their experiments were limited to the mouse

(D) indicate that their experiments resulted only in general correlations

(E) refute the objections made by supporters of the older theory

cactusNO1

今天开始OG阅读的第二遍总结，这次会分的细一点，贴出来，希望大家指点一下。谢谢!

Passage 1

Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been called

“the most widely used psychoactive substance on Earth .”

Synder, Daly and Bruns have recently proposed that

caffeine affects behavior by countering the activity in
            

(5) the human brain of a naturally occurring chemical called  这儿指出SDB的观点，判断句

adenosine.
            指出一个新名词
                Adenosine normally depresses neuron firing

in many areas of the brain.
            其作用（
                It apparently does this by

inhibiting the release of
                    neurotransmitters, chemicals              

 D  permits release of neurotransmitters when it is bound to adenosine receptors, whereas adenosine inhibits such release

 

that carry nerve impulses from one neuron to the next.）进一步解释如何产生作用。

(10)
                    Like（出现like容易出题）
                many other agents that affect neuron firing,

adenosine must first bind to specific receptors on

neuronal membranes. There are at least two classes

of these receptors, which have been designated A1 and

A2.
                    Snyder et al propose that caffeine, which is
                            struc-第五题定位

(15) turally similar to adenosine, is able to bind to both types

of receptors, which prevents adenosine from attaching

there and allows the neurons to fire more readily than

they otherwise would.进一步的观点

第一段主要是提出SDB的观点

 

For many years,
                老观点
                    caffeine’s effects have been attri-

(20) buted to its inhibition of the production of phosphodi- 第四题

Esterase新名词,
                an enzyme that breaks down the chemical

called cyclic AMP 对新名词的解释.（A number of neurotransmitters exert

their effects by first increasing cyclic AMP concentra-

tions in target neurons. Therefore, prolonged periods at

(25) the elevated concentrations, as might be brought about

by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, could lead to a greater

amount of neuron firing and, consequently, to behav-

ioral stimulation.）具体发挥作用的描写 But Snyder et al point out that the

caffeine
                concentrations
                    needed to inhibit the production

(30) of phosphodiesterase in the brain are much higher 比较需注意 than

those that produce stimulation.
                Moreover, other com-

pounds that block phosphodiesterase’s activity are not

stimulants.

第二段是说明以前的老观点以及DB反驳。

To buttress their case
            （说明了这三段的主题）that caffeine acts instead by pre-

(35) venting adenosine binding,做实验的目的 Snyder et al compared the

stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with

their ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in

the brains of mice. “In general,” they reported, “the

ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors

(40) correlates with their ability to stimulate locomotion in

the mouse; i.e.,
                        the higher their capacity to bind at the

receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate locomo-

tion.”
                进一步举例
                Theophylline, a close structural relative of caffeine

and the major stimulant in tea, was one of the most

(45) effective compounds in both regards.

第三段是举例进一步证明自己的观点

There were some apparent exceptions to the general

correlation observed between adenosine-receptor binding

and stimulation. One of these was a compound called

3-isobuty1-1-methylxanthine(IBMX), which bound very

(50) well but actually depressed mouse locomotion. Snyder

et al suggest that this is not a major stumbling block to

their hypothesis. The problem is that the compound has

mixed effects
                观点in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with  第三题定位

psychoactive drugs. Even caffeine, which is generally

(55) known only for its stimulatory effects, displays this

property, depressing mouse locomotion at very low

concentrations and stimulating it at higher ones.

第四段说明一些特殊的情况，并用其观点做出进一步解释

 

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to  写法性主题题

(A) discuss a plan for investigation of a phenomenon that is not yet fully understood

(B) present two explanations of a phenomenon and reconcile the differences between them

(C) summarize two theories and suggest a third theory that overcomes the problems encountered in the first two

(D) describe an alternative hypothesis and provide evidence and arguments that support it

(E) challenge the validity of a theory by exposing the inconsistencies and contradictions in it

 

2. According so Snyder et al, caffeine differs from adenosine
            关键字，定位第一段in that caffeine

(A) stimulates behavior in the mouse and in humans,
            没提到whereas adenosine stimulates behavior in humans only

(B) has mixed effects
            第四段内容in the brain, whereas adenosine has only a stimulatory effect

(C) increases cyclic AMP
            第三段内容concentrations in target neurons, whereas adenosine decreases such concentrations

(D) permits release of neurotransmitters when it is bound to adenosine receptors, whereas adenosine inhibits such release

(E) inhibits both neuron firing and the production of phosphodiesterase 第二段内容when there is a sufficient concentration in the brain, whereas adenosine inhibits only neuron firing

 

3. In response to experimental results concerning IBMX,定位第四段 Snyder et al contended that it is not uncommon for psychoactive drugs to have

(A) mixed effects in the brain

(B) inhibitory effects on enzymes in the brain 第二段内容

(C) close structural relationships with caffeine 第一段内容

(D) depressive effects on mouse locomotion 第三段内容

(E) the ability to dislodge caffeine from receptors in the brain 第三段内容

 

4. According to Snyder et al, all of the following compounds can bind to specific receptors in the brain EXCEPT
            细节题

(A) IBMX

(B) caffeine

(C) adenosine

(D) theophylline

(E) phosphodiesterase 第二段的关键词

 

5. Snyder et al suggest that caffeine’s ability to bind to A1 and A2 receptors定位第一段 can be at least partially attributed to which of the following?

(A) The chemical relationship between caffeine and phosphodiesterase  第二段

(B) The structural relationship between caffeine and adenosine
                

(C) The structural similarity between caffeine and neurotransmitters 混

(D) The ability of caffeine to stimulate behavior 错

(E) The natural occurrence of caffeine and adenosine in the brain 错

 

6. The author quotes Snyder et al in lines 38-43 most probably in order to  举例作用题

(A) reveal some of the assumptions underlying their theory

(B) summarize a major finding of their experiments

(C) point out that their experiments were limited to the mouse

(D) indicate that their experiments resulted only in general correlations

(E) refute the objections made by supporters of the older theory

cactusNO1

打算把每天的总结贴出来，大牛们看看行吗？指点一下，谢谢啊！这两天受打击了，今天是圣诞夜吧，我都忘记了，一人在家，虽然错题一串，我还梦想着考760。。。。。55555，只要有梦想，多晚也不算晚对不对，我们还是可以创造奇迹的，人就这一辈子啊！大家圣诞快乐：）

Passage 2

Archaeology as a profession faces two major prob-

lems.
            （提出一个问题
                –如果下面提出方案来解决，此文就是问题解决型）First, it is the poorest of the poor.
            进一步解释，可以略读Only paltry

sums are available for excavating and even less is avail-

able for publishing the results and preserving the sites

(5) once excavated. Yet archaeologists deal with priceless

objects every day. Second, there is the problem of illegal

excavation, resulting in（因果关系） museum-quality pieces being

sold to the highest bidder.

第一段是提出一个问题
                

I would like to make an outrageous suggestion that

(10) would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and

reduce the amount of illegal digging.（为提出自己的观点做铺垫）
                I would propose

that scientific archeological expeditions and govern-

mental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open

market. 观点
                    （Such sales would provide substantial funds for

(15) the excavation and preservation of archaeological sites

and the publication of results. At the same time, they

would break the illegal excavator’s grip on the market,

thereby decreasing the inducement to engage in illegal

activities.）--对于问题的解决

第二段提出一个观点来解决这个问题

 

(20)
                    You might object（可能受到的反对意见，）that professionals excavate toacquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient arti-

facts are part of our global cultural heritage, which  第12题

should be available for all to appreciate, not sold to the

highest bidder. I agree. 以退为进的写作手法
                Sell nothing that has unique

(25) artistic merit or scientific value.
                But, you might reply,

everything that comes our of the ground has scientific

value. Here we part company.
                    Theoretically, you may be

correct in claiming that every artifact has potential scien- 第8题
                    

tific value. Practically, you are wrong.争论

 (30)
                    I refer to the thousands of pottery vessels and ancient第10题

lamps that are essentially duplicates of one another.（用具体例子来说明 In

one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recently

uncovered 2,000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in

a single courtyard, Even precious royal seal impressions

(35) known as/melekh handles have been found in abun-

dance---more than 4,000 examples so far.）

第三段提到可能出现的反对意见，并提出自己的观点并举实例来支持自己的观点

 

The basements of museums are（判断句） simply not large

enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discov-

ered in the future. There is not enough money even to

(40) catalogue
                the finds;
                as a result,（因果关系）
                    they cannot be found  第九题定位

again and become as inaccessible as if they had never

been discovered. Indeed, with the help of a computer,

sold artifacts could be more accessible than（比较关系）are the

pieces stored in bulging museum basements.
            具体来解释其观点证明其观点(Prior to

(45) sale, each could be photographed and the list of the

purchasers could be maintained on the computer A

purchaser could even be required to agree to return the

piece if it should become needed for scientific purposes.)

It would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal digging

(50) would stop if artifacts were sold on the open market.

（让步关系）But the demand for the clandestine product would be

substantially reduced.
                后半句是前半句的原因Who would want an unmarked

pot when another was available whose provenance was

known, and that was dated stratigraphically by the

professional archaeologist who excavated it?
                第11题定位

第四段主要是进一步来说明与证实自己的方案

 

7. The primary purpose of the passage is to propose  内容性主题题

(A) an alternative to museum display of artifacts

(B) a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the archaeological profession

(C) a way to distinguish artifacts with scientific value from those that have no such value

(D) the governmental regulation of archaeological sites

(E) a new system for cataloguing duplicate artifacts

 

8. The author implies that all of the following statements about duplicate artifacts are true
            定位在第三段  EXCEPT:

(A) A market for such artifacts already exists. 是
                –文章中提到

(B) Such artifacts seldom have scientific value.　是-

(C) There is likely to be a continuing supply of such artifacts. 是

(D) Museums are well supplied with examples of such artifacts. 是

(E) Such artifacts frequently exceed in quality those already catalogued in museum collections.文章中没有提到这一点

 

9. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a disadvantage of storing artifacts in museum basements?
            定位在四段
                

(A) Museum officials  没提到 rarely allow scholars access to such artifacts.

(B) Space that could be better used for display is taken up for storage. 没提到

(C) Artifacts discovered in one excavation often become separated from each other.没提到

(D) Such artifacts are often damaged by variations in temperature and humidity. 没提到

(E) Such artifacts’ often remain uncatalogued and thus cannot be located once they are put in storage.

 

10. The author mentions the excavation in Cyprus (lines 31-34) to emphasize which of the following points?　　举例作用题

(A) Ancient lamps and pottery vessels are less valuable, although more rare, than royal seal impressions.没提到

(B) Artifacts that are very similar to each other present cataloguing difficulties to archaeologists.

(C) Artifacts that are not uniquely valuable, and therefore could be sold, are available in large quantities.

(D) Cyprus is the most important location for unearthing large quantities of salable artifacts.没提到

(E) Illegal sales 与本段无关
                of duplicate artifacts are wide-spread, particularly on the island of Cyprus.

 

11. The author’s argument concerning the effect of the official 定位最后一段
                sale of duplicate artifacts on illegal excavation is based on which of the following assumptions?  Assumption 题

(A) Prospective purchasers would prefer to buy authenticated artifacts.

(B) The price of illegally excavated artifacts would rise. 没提到

(C) Computers could be used to trace sold artifacts. 前一观点内容
            混

(D) Illegal excavators
            没提到
                would be forced to sell only duplicate artifacts.

(E) Money gained from selling authenticated artifacts could be used to investigate and prosecute illegal
            没提到
                excavators.

 

12. The author anticipates which of the following initial objections（定位第二段） to the adoption of his proposal?

(A) Museum officials
            没提到
                will become unwilling to store artifacts.

(B) An oversupply of salable
            没提到 artifacts will result and the demand for them will fall.

(C) Artifacts that would have been displayed in public places will be sold to private collectors.

(D) Illegal excavators will have an even larger supply of artifacts for resale.没提到

(E) Counterfeiting of artifacts
            没提到
                will become more commonplace.

cactusNO1

Passage 3

Federal efforts to aid minority businesses began in the

1960’s when（出现when ） the Small Business Administration (SBA)

began making federally guaranteed loans and govern-

ment-sponsored management and technical assistance

(5) available to minority business enterprises. While this

program enabled many minority entrepreneurs to

form new businesses, the results were disappointing --,为何？因果

since managerial inexperience, unfavorable locations,

and capital shortages
                    led to high failure rates.第十六题定位   为何说high failure rates ??又一个因果关系Even 15(10) years after the program was implemented, minority

business receipts were not quite two percent of the national  第十五题定位

economy’s total receipts.

第一段说了一个老的办法，并对这老的办法做出了负评价，对作负评价的原因做了解释

 

Recently （新办法出来了）federal policymakers have adopted an

approach intended to accelerate development of the

(15) minority business sector by moving away from directly

aiding small minority enterprises and toward supporting

larger, growth-oriented minority firms through interme-

diary companies新办法.（
                In this approach, large corporations

participate in the development of successful and stable

(20) minority businesses by making use of government-              14题定位

sponsored venture capital.
            具体作法The capital is used by a

participating company to establish a Minority Enterprise

Small Business Investment Company or MESBIC新名词. The

MESBIC then provides capital and guidance to minority

(25) businesses that have potential to become future suppliers

or customers of the sponsoring company.）

第二段提出现在的一个新的办法，并解释新的办法的具体内容

 

MESBIC’s are the result of the belief that providing新办法的背后的观点

established firms with easier access to relevant manage-

ment techniques and more job-specific experience, as

(30) well as substantial amounts of capital, gives those firms

a greater opportunity
                    to develop sound business founda-

tions than （有一个比较需注意）does simply making general management

experience and small amounts of capital available.

Further,进一步说明since potential markets for the minority busi-

(35) nesses already exist through the sponsoring companies,

the minority businesses face considerably less risk（比较） in

terms of location and market fluctuation. Following

early financial and operating problems, （说明是为了avoid 以前的问题所以）sponsoring

corporations began to capitalize MESBIC’s far above

(40) the legal minimum of $500,000
                            in order to generate

sufficient income and to sustain the quality of manage-

ment needed. MESBIC’c are now emerging as increas-

ingly important financing sources for minority enter-

prises.

第三段说明新的办法背后的观点，而且进一步解释

 (45) Ironically, MESBIC staffs, which usually consist of

Hispanic and Black professionals, tend to approach

investments in minority firms more pragmatically than

do many MESBIC directors, who are usually senior

managers from sponsoring corporations. The latter

(50) often still think mainly in terms of the “social responsi-

bility approach” and thus seem to prefer deals that are

riskier and less attractive than normal investment criteria

would warrant. Such differences in viewpoint have pro-

duced uneasiness among many minority staff members,

(55) who feel that minority entrepreneurs and businesses

should be judged by established business considerations.

These staff members believe their point of view is closer

to the original philosophy of MESBIC’s and they are

concerned that, unless a more prudent course is fol-

lowed, MESBIC directors may revert to policies likely

to re-create the disappointing results of the original SBA

approach.

我的感觉整个最后一段是一个延伸性的内容，不过最后一句话暗示了。。。

 

13. Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage? 内容性

(A) The use of MESBIC’s for aiding minority entrepreneurs seems to have greater potential for success than does the original SBA approach.

(B) There is a crucial difference in point of view between the staff and directors of some MESBIC’s.太小

(C) After initial problems with management and marketing, minority businesses have begun to expand at a steady rate.错

(D) Minority entrepreneurs wishing to form new businesses now have several equally successful federal programs on which to rely.

(E) For the first time since 1960, large corporations are making significant contributions
            错to the development of minority businesses.

 

14. According to the passage, the MESBIC approach differs from the SBA approach in that MESBIC’s，　多次出现找首次，定技巧  定位于第二段开始

(A) seek federal contracts
            没提到to provide marketsfor minority businesses

(B) encourage minority
            没提到
                businesses to provide markets for other minority businesses

(C) attempt to maintain a specified rate of growth没提到
                 in the minority business sector

(D) rely on the participation of large corporations to finance minority businesses

(E) select minority businesses on the basis of their location没提到

 

15. Which of the following does the author cite to support the conclusion that the results of the SBA program were disappointing?  就第一段讲到了SBA，定位第一段

(A) The small number of new minority enterprises formed 没提到as a result of the program

(B) The small number of minority enterprises that took advantage 没提到of the management and technical assistance offiered under the program

(C) The small percentage of the nation’s business receipts earned by minority enterprises following the programs, implementation.

(D) The small percentage of recipient minority enterprises that were able to repay federally guaranteed loans made under the program

(E) The small number of minority enterprises that chose to participate in the program

 

16. Which of the following statements about the SBA program can be inferred from the passage? 定位在第一段

(A) The maximum term for loans made to recipient businesses was 15 years.

(B) Business loans were considered to be more useful to recipient businesses than was management and technical assistance.

(C) The anticipated failure rate for recipient businesses was significantly lower than the rate that actually resulted.

(D) Recipient businesses were encouraged to relocate to areas more favorable for business development.

(E) The capitalization needs of recipient businesses were assessed and then provided for adequately.

 

17. The author refers to the “financial and operating problems”(line 38 ) encountered by MESBIC’s primarily in order to　定位38

(A) broaden the scope of the discussion to include the legal considerations of funding MESBIC’S through sponsoring companies

(B) call attention to the fact that MESBIC’s must receive adequate funding in order to function effectively

(C) show that sponsoring companies were willing to invest only $500,000 of government-sponsored venture capital in the original MESBIC’s

(D) compare SBA and MESBIC limits on minimum funding

(E) refute suggestions that MESBIC’s have been only marginally successful

 

18. The author’s primary objective in the passage is to　写法性

(A) disprove the view that federal efforts to aid minority businesses have been ineffective

(B) explain how federal efforts to aid minority businesses have changed since the 1960’s

(C) establish a direct link between the federal efforts to aid minority businesses made before the 1960’s and those made in the 1980’s

(D) analyze the basis for the belief that job-specific experience is more useful to minority businesses than is general management experience

(E) argue that the “social responsibility approach” to aiding minority businesses is superior to any other approach

cactusNO1

Passage 4

The majority of successful senior managers do not

closely follow the classical rational model of first clari-

fying goals,
            （assessing the problem, formulating options,

estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision,）
            四个列举，容易出列举题

(5) and only then taking action to implement the decision.
                第23题

Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these

senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed “intu-

ition” to mangage a network of interrelated problems

that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,

(10) novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the

process to thinking.　

第一段是整个一个判断句，(说明这个文章有可能是一个结论解释型)有一个对比 classical rational model. 和 intuition model. 关键词 intergrate

 

Generations of writers on management have recog-

nized that some practicing managers rely heavily on

intuition. In general, however, such writers display a
                第20题

(15) poor 负评价 grasp of what intuition is.
            进一步说明
                Some see it as the oppo-

site of rationality: others view it as an excuse for ca-

priciousness.

第二段是说一些别的观点，然后立即就否定

 

Isenberg’s recent research on the cognitive processes

of senior managers reveals that managers’ intuition is

(20) neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition

in at least five distinct ways.（大列举）
                First, they intuitively sense

when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intu-

ition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly.

This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based

(25) on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experi-

ence that build skills. A third function of intuition is to

synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an inte- 第21题

grated picture, often in an “Aha!” experience. Fourth,

some managers use intuition as a check on the results

(30) of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are

familiar with the formal decision analysis models and

tools, and those who use such systematic methods for

reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions

suggested by these methods which run counter to their

(35) sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers

can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move 第24

rapidly to engender a plausible solution.
                Used in this

way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive

process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.5点说完后一段总结，重点

(40) 判断句One of the implications of the intuitive style of execu-

tive management is that “thinking” is inseparable from第23题

acting.因果
                Since managers often “know” what is right

before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently

act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied

(45) to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers

develop thoughts about their companies and organiza-

tions not by analyzing a problematic situation and then

acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.

Given the great uncertainty of many of the manage-

(50) ment issues that they face, senior managers often

instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an

issue. They then use the results of the action to develop

a more complete understanding of the issue. One impli-

cation of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often

(55) part of defining the problem, not just of implementing

the solution.

第三段是整个一大段的解释和作者的观点

 

19. According to the passage, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways（定位于第三段，有5点，只要看开头的观点就行了） EXCEPT to

(A) speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem

(B) identify a problem

(C) bring together disparate facts

(D) stipulate clear goals

(E) evaluate possible solutions to a problem

 

20. The passage suggests which of the following about the “writers on management” mentioned in line 12?

(A) They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.

(B) They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.

(C) They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.

(D) They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.

对应的下一段都是说明经理是怎么来使用intuition的

(E) They have not acknowledged the role of intuition in managerial practice.

 

21. Which of the following best exemplifies “an ‘Aha!’ experience” (line 28) as it is presented in the passage?

(A) A manager risks taking an action whose outcome is unpredictable to discover whether the action changes the problem at hand.

(B) A manager performs well-learned and familiar behavior patterns in creative and uncharacteristic ways to solve a problem.

(C) A manager suddenly connects seemingly unrelated facts and experiences to create a pattern relevant to the problem at hand.

(D) A manager rapidly identifies the methodology used to compile data yielded by systematic analysis.

(E) A manager swiftly decides which of several sets of tactics to implement in order to deal with the contingencies suggested by a problem.

 

22. According to the passage, the classical model of decision analysis（定位第一段，就第一段提到） includes all of the following EXCEPT

(A) evaluation of a problem

(B) creation of possible solutions to a problem

(C) establishment of clear goals to be reached by the decision

(D) action undertaken in order to discover more information about a problem
            这个是intuition的反应，当然不是

(E) comparison of the probable effects of different solutions to a problem

 

23. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior
                between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis?

(A) Manager X analyzes first and then acts; Manager Y does not.

(B) Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis; Manager Y does not

(C) Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem; Manager Y does not.

(D) Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem; Manager X does not.

(E) Manger Y depends on day-to-day tactical maneuvering; manager X does not.

 

24. The passage provides support for which of the following statements?

(A) Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.

(B) Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.

(C) Managers’ intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills

(D) Logical analysis of a problem increases the number of possible solutions.

(E) Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.

 

cactusNO1

Passage 4

The majority of successful senior managers do not

closely follow the classical rational model of first clari-

fying goals,
            （assessing the problem, formulating options,

estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision,）
            四个列举，容易出列举题

(5) and only then taking action to implement the decision.
                第23题

Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these

senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed “intu-

ition” to mangage a network of interrelated problems

that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,

(10) novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the

process to thinking.　

第一段是整个一个判断句，(说明这个文章有可能是一个结论解释型)有一个对比 classical rational model. 和 intuition model. 关键词 intergrate

 

Generations of writers on management have recog-

nized that some practicing managers rely heavily on

intuition. In general, however, such writers display a
                第20题

(15) poor 负评价 grasp of what intuition is.
            进一步说明
                Some see it as the oppo-

site of rationality: others view it as an excuse for ca-

priciousness.

第二段是说一些别的观点，然后立即就否定

 

Isenberg’s recent research on the cognitive processes

of senior managers reveals that managers’ intuition is

(20) neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition

in at least five distinct ways.（大列举）
                First, they intuitively sense

when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intu-

ition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly.

This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based

(25) on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experi-

ence that build skills. A third function of intuition is to

synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an inte- 第21题

grated picture, often in an “Aha!” experience. Fourth,

some managers use intuition as a check on the results

(30) of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are

familiar with the formal decision analysis models and

tools, and those who use such systematic methods for

reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions

suggested by these methods which run counter to their

(35) sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers

can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move 第24

rapidly to engender a plausible solution.
                Used in this

way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive

process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.5点说完后一段总结，重点

(40) 判断句One of the implications of the intuitive style of execu-

tive management is that “thinking” is inseparable from第23题

acting.因果
                Since managers often “know” what is right

before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently

act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied

(45) to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers

develop thoughts about their companies and organiza-

tions not by analyzing a problematic situation and then

acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.

Given the great uncertainty of many of the manage-

(50) ment issues that they face, senior managers often

instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an

issue. They then use the results of the action to develop

a more complete understanding of the issue. One impli-

cation of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often

(55) part of defining the problem, not just of implementing

the solution.

第三段是整个一大段的解释和作者的观点

 

19. According to the passage, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways（定位于第三段，有5点，只要看开头的观点就行了） EXCEPT to

(A) speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem

(B) identify a problem

(C) bring together disparate facts

(D) stipulate clear goals

(E) evaluate possible solutions to a problem

 

20. The passage suggests which of the following about the “writers on management” mentioned in line 12?

(A) They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.

(B) They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.

(C) They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.

(D) They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.

对应的下一段都是说明经理是怎么来使用intuition的

(E) They have not acknowledged the role of intuition in managerial practice.

 

21. Which of the following best exemplifies “an ‘Aha!’ experience” (line 28) as it is presented in the passage?

(A) A manager risks taking an action whose outcome is unpredictable to discover whether the action changes the problem at hand.

(B) A manager performs well-learned and familiar behavior patterns in creative and uncharacteristic ways to solve a problem.

(C) A manager suddenly connects seemingly unrelated facts and experiences to create a pattern relevant to the problem at hand.

(D) A manager rapidly identifies the methodology used to compile data yielded by systematic analysis.

(E) A manager swiftly decides which of several sets of tactics to implement in order to deal with the contingencies suggested by a problem.

 

22. According to the passage, the classical model of decision analysis（定位第一段，就第一段提到） includes all of the following EXCEPT

(A) evaluation of a problem

(B) creation of possible solutions to a problem

(C) establishment of clear goals to be reached by the decision

(D) action undertaken in order to discover more information about a problem
            这个是intuition的反应，当然不是

(E) comparison of the probable effects of different solutions to a problem

 

23. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior
                between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis?

(A) Manager X analyzes first and then acts; Manager Y does not.

(B) Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis; Manager Y does not

(C) Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem; Manager Y does not.

(D) Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem; Manager X does not.

(E) Manger Y depends on day-to-day tactical maneuvering; manager X does not.

 

24. The passage provides support for which of the following statements?

(A) Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.

(B) Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.

(C) Managers’ intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills

(D) Logical analysis of a problem increases the number of possible solutions.

(E) Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.

 

cactusNO1

Passage 5

Nearly a century ago, biologists found that if they

separated an invertebrate animal embryo into two parts

at an early stage of its life, it would survive and develop

as two normal embryos. 因现象引出一个问题This led them to believe that the

(5) cells in the early embryo are undetermined in the sense

that each cell has the potential to develop in a variety of

different ways. Later biologists found that the situation

was not so simple. It matters in which plane the embryo 第27题

is cut. If it is cut in a plane different from the one used

(10) by the early investigators, it will not form two whole

embryos.

第一段，由一个发现引出一个问题，key words determinants and cut

 

A debate arose over what exactly was happening.

Which embryo cells are determined, just when do they-

become irreversibly committed to their fates, and what

(15) are the “morphogenetic determinants” that tell a cell

what to become? 提出一系列具体的问题
                    But the debate could not be resolved

because no one was able to ask the crucial questions

in a form in which they could be pursued productively.最后下结论说为何没解决

Recent discoveries in molecular biology, however, have

(20) opened up prospects正评价 for a resolution of the debate.

Now investigators think they know at least some of the

molecules that act as morphogenetic determinants in

early development. They have been able to show that,

in a sense, cell determination begins even before an egg

(25) is fertilized.第二段新发现解决这个问题

 

Studying sea urchins, biologist Paul Gross found

that an unfertilized egg contains substances that func-第30题

tion as morphogenetic determinants.
                They are located

in the cytoplasm of the egg cell;
                i.e., in that part of the

(30) cell’s protoplasm that lies outside of the nucleus. In the

unfertilized egg, the substances are inactive and are not

distributed homogeneously. When the egg is fertilized,第28题

the substances become active and, presumably, govern

the behavior of the genes they interact with. Since the

(35) substances are unevenly distributed in the egg, when the

fertilized egg divides, the resulting cells are different

from the start and so can be qualitatively different in

their own gene activity. 第三段解释他的具体发现

 

The substances that Gross studied are maternal第30题

(40) messenger RNA’s
                --products of certain of the maternal

genes. He and other biologists studying a wide variety

of organisms have found that these particular RNA’s

direct, in large part, the synthesis of histones, a class第28题

of proteins that bind to DNA.
                Once synthesized, the 第29题

(45) histones move into the cell nucleus, where section of

DNA wrap around them to form a structure that resem-

bles beads, or knots, on a string. The beads are DNA

segments wrapped around the histones; the string is the

intervening DNA. And it is the structure of these beaded

(50) DNA strings that guides the fate of the cells in which

they are located.

对其的解释

 

 

25. It can be inferred from the passage that the morphogenetic determinants present in the early embryo are

(A) located in the nucleus of the embryo cells

(B) evenly distributed unless the embryo is not developing normally

(C) inactive until the embryo cells become irreversibly committed to their final function

(D) identical to those that were already present in the unfertilized egg

(E) present in larger quantities than is necessary for the development of a single individual

 

26. The main topic of the passage is

(A) the early development of embryos of lower marine organisms

(B) the main contribution of modern embryology to molecular biology

(C) the role of molecular biology in disproving older theories of embryonic development

(D) cell determination as an issue in the study of embryonic development

(E) scientific dogma as a factor in the recent debate over the value of molecular biology

 

27. According to the passage, when biologists believed that the cells in the early embryo were undetermined, they made which of the following mistakes?定位第一段

(A) They did not attempt to replicate the original experiment of separating an embryo into two parts.

(B) They did not realize that there was a connection between the issue of cell determination and the outcome of the separation experiment.

(C) They assumed that the results of experiments on embryos did not depend on the particular animal species used for such experiments.

(D) They assumed that it was crucial to perform the separation experiment at an early stage in the embryo’s life.

(E) They assumed that different ways of separating an embryo into two parts would be equivalent as far as the fate of the two parts was concerned.

 

28. It can be inferred from the passage that the initial production of histones定位第三段 after an egg is fertilized takes place

(A) in the cytoplasm

(B) in the maternal genes

(C) throughout the protoplasm

(D) in the beaded portions of the DNA strings

(E) in certain sections of the cell nucleus

 

29. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is dependent on the fertilization of an egg?

(A) Copying of maternal genes to produce maternal messenger RNA’s

(B) Sythesis of proteins called histones

(C) Division of a cell into its nucleus and the cytoplasm

(D) Determination of the egg cell’s potential for division

(E) Generation of all of a cell’s morphogenetic determinants

 

30. According to the passage, the morphogenetic determinants present in the unfertilized egg cell are which of the following?

(A) Proteins bound to the nucleus

(B) Histones

(C) Maternal messenger RNA’s

(D) Cytoplasm

(E) Nonbeaded intervening DNA

cactusNO1

问一下，有没有人与我进度差不多的啊，我也想成立一个三个互助小组，有人乐意报名吗？

cactusNO1

希望能共同加油！互相学习取得好成绩