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这就是传说中的"男友"题(BF )楼主抓紧看吧,我觉得关键要理解句与句之间的逻辑关系
Bold Face Practice 1. Modern navigation systems, which are found in most of today’s commercial aircraft, are made with low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in older planes.
(Fact) During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway. (Principle) Recently, one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course during landing, its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a laptop computer. (Evidence) Clearly, modern aircraft navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board, such as cassette players and laptop computers. (Conclusion)
2. A double-blind study, in which neither the patient nor the primary researcher knows whether the patient is being given the drug being tested or a placebo, is the most effective procedure for testing the efficacy of a drug. (Principle) But we will not be able to perform such a study on this new drug, since the drug will have various effects on the patients’ bodies, which will make us aware of whether the patients are getting the drug or a placebo.
(Anti-Consideration)
3. The interstitial nucleus, a sub-region of the brain’s hypothalamus, is typically smaller for male cats than for female cats. (Fact) A neurobiologist performed autopsies on male cats who died from disease X, a disease affecting no more than 0.5 percent of male cats, and found that these male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally found in female cats.
(Evidence) Thus, the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X,(Consideration that can be drawn from the first one) but, the hypothalamus is known not to be causally linked to disease Y, and disease X is a subtype of disease Y.
(Fact)
4. More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced, and it is thus increasingly unnecessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles. (Conclusion) Consequently, in training engineers who will work in industry, less emphasis should be placed on mathematical principles, so that space in the engineering curriculum will be available for other important subjects. (Conclusion)
5. Gasoline-powered boat engines manufactured in the a North American country prior to 1990 contribute significantly to the pollution found in the world’s oceans. (Fact) In 1990, however, the government imposed stricter pollution controls on gasoline engines manufactured for boats, and beginning in 1995, the government imposed a program of inspections for pre-1990 boat engines with increasingly rigorous pollution standards. (Fact) As the older boat engines fail to pass inspection, boat owners are increasingly retiring their old engines in favor of newer, less-polluting boat engines. (The evidence showed in the patten of cause and effect ) As a result, the amount of pollution these older boat engines emit into the world’s oceans will steadily decrease over the next ten years.
(Conclusion)
6. Plants that exhibit certain leaf diseases tend to measure extremely high in the amount of zinc in their leaf and stem tissue. (Fact or Background) Botanists have discovered that phosphorus of the type typically used in a phosphorus-high fertilizer reacts with the zinc in such a way as to prevent treated plants from exhibiting the leaf diseases, and zinc is the cause and not merely an effect of the leaf diseases. (The second evidence found by the author of passage) Thus, plants can be cured from these leaf diseases by the use of a fertilizer high in phosphorus.
(Conclusion)
7. To be accepted as a member at the Brown Country Club, one must have a net worth of over ten million dollars and must not have any connections to the entertainment industry. Robert Chase, the publishing magnate, has a net worth of 5 billion dollars and Chase has not financed any Hollywood movies, (The part of evidence in support of this argument) so he must be accepted as a member at the Brown Country Club.
(The conclusion that could not be drawn from all evidences that the argument contains)
8. The survival of the publishing industry depends upon the existence of a public who will buy the printed word in the form of newspapers, books and magazines. (Premise) Over the past several years, however, the advance of electronic media, particularly CD-ROMs, online computer services, and the Internet, has made information available to the public electronically without the need for printed materials. (Fact) As the availability of electronic media increases and as it is more easily accessible, the public has less need for printed materials.
(The author’s evidence) So the publishing industry is threatened by the advance of the computer information age.
(The author’s conclusion)
9. Something must be done to ease traffic congestion. (Conclusion) In traditional small towns, people used to work and shop in the same town in which they lived(Evidence); but now that stores and workplaces are located far away from residential areas, people cannot avoid traveling long distances each day. (Evidence) Traffic congestion is so heavy on all roads that, even on major highways where the maximum speed limit is 55 miles per hour, the actual speed averages only 35 miles per hour. (Evidence) So new businesses should be encouraged to locate closer to where their workers would live.
(Author’s method or strategy)
10. (OG-205) Consumer advocate: it is generally true, at least in this state, that lawyers who advertise a specific service charge less for that service than lawyers who do not advertise.
( Concession ) It is also true that
each time restrictions on the advertising of legal services have been eliminated, the number of lawyers advertising their services has increased and legal costs to consumers have declined in consequence. ( Second concession / A pattern of cause and effect that the advocates argues will not hold in the case at issue) However, eliminating the state requirement that legal advertisements must specify fees for specific services would almost certainly increase rather than further reduce consumer’s legal costs. ( A certain position advocate hold) Lawyers would no longer have an incentive to lower their fees when they begin advertising and if no longer required to specify fee arrangements, many lawyers who now advertise would increase their fees. ( A consideration in support of that prediction )
GWD-1-Q3: A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price. Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.( a consideration raised to explain the appeal of a certain strategy ) appeal:
呼籲,請求 But
large profits on the new product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the new product’s capabilities.( a consideration raised to call into question the wisdom of adopting that strategy) Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.( Author’s method or strategy)
GWD-1-Q22&8-Q31: City Official: At City
Hospital, uninsured patients tend to have shorter stays and fewer procedures performed than do insured patients, even though insured patients, on average, have slightly less serious medical problems at the time of admission to the hospital than uninsured patients have. Critics of the hospital have concluded that the uninsured patients are more receiving proper medical care.( the position that the city official’s argument opposes )
However, this conclusion is almost certainly false. (the conclusion of the city official’s argument )
Careful investigation has recently shown two things: insured patients have much longer stays in the hospital than necessary, and they tend to have more procedures performed than are medically necessary.
(Evidence)
GWD-3-Q2 Hunter: Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock
National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years. Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline.
(the main conclusion of the argument)
In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.
(Evidence)
GWD-3-Q16: Economist: Tropicorp, which constantly seeks profitable investment opportunities, has been buying and clearing sections of tropical forest for cattle ranching, although pastures newly created there become useless for grazing after just a few years. The company has not gone into rubber tapping, even though
greater profits can be made from rubber tapping, which leaves the forest intact. (supports the environmentalists’ conclusion) Thus, some environmentalists conclude that Tropicorp has not acted wholly out of economic self-interest.
(states that environmentalists’ conclusion)
However, these environmentalists are probably wrong. The initial investment required for a successful rubber-tapping operation is larger than that needed for a cattle ranch. Furthermore, there is a shortage of workers employable in rubber-tapping operations, and finally, taxes are higher on profits from rubber tapping than on profits from cattle ranching.
GWD-5-Q19: Historian: In the Drindian Empire, censuses were conducted annually to determine the population of each village. Village census records for the last half of the 1600’s are remarkably complete.
(provides a context for certain evidence that supports the position that the historian seeks to establish) This very completeness makes one point stand out; in five different years, villages overwhelmingly reported significant population declines. Tellingly, each of those five years immediately followed an increase in a certain Drindian tax. This tax, which was assessed on villages, was computed by the central government using the annual census figures. Tellingly: 有效地;顯著地 Obviously, whenever the tax went up, villages had an especially powerful economic incentive to minimize the number of people they recorded; and concealing the size of a village’s population from government census takers would have been easy. Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the reported declines did not happen. (that position)
GWD-5-Q20: Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because
aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. (an explanation that the argument challenges)
However, studies show that
a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their field at an older age than is usual. (a finding on which that challenge is based) Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies’ finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have simply aged but rather that they generally have spent too long in a given field.
天山Q25: Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because
aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. (an explanation that the argument challenges) However, a study has found that almost all scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their fields late and less than a dozen years before their creative breakthroughs. Since
creative breakthroughs by scientists under forty also generally occur within a dozen years of the scientist’s entry into the field, the study’s finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not due to age but rather because most have spent too long in their fields. (evidence in support of a competing explanation that the argument defends.)
GWD-6-Q16: Historian: Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus. Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques. It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent. Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’ that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’ own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false. (evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes) A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented. (evidence offered in support of the historian’s own position)
GWD-7-Q18&8-Q21: Although the earliest surviving Greek inscriptions written in an alphabet date from the eighth century B.C., a strong case can be made that
the Greeks actually adopted alphabetic writing at least two centuries earlier. (the position that the argument seeks to establish) Significantly, the text of these earliest surviving Greek inscriptions sometimes runs from right to left and sometimes from left to right. (Evidence in support of the position that the argument seeks to establish) Now, the Greeks learned alphabetic writing from the Phoenicians, and in the process they would surely have adopted whatever convention the Phoenicians were then using with respect to the direction of writing.
(presents an assumption on which that argument relies. ) Originally, Phoenician writing ran in either direction, but by the eighth century B.C. it had been consistently written from right to left for about two centuries.
GWD-9-Q30: Criminologist: Some legislators advocate mandating a sentence of life in prison for anyone who, having twice served sentences for serious crimes, is subsequently convicted 21 of a third serious crime. These legislators argue that such a policy would reduce crime dramatically,
since it would take people with a proven tendency to commit crimes off the streets permanently.
(a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute) What this reasoning overlooks, however, is that people old enough to have served two prison sentences for serious crimes rarely commit more than one subsequent crime. Filling our prisons with such individuals would have exactly the opposite of the desired effect, since it would limit our ability to incarcerate younger criminals, who commit a far greater proportion of serious crimes.
(the main conclusion of the argument)
GWD-10-Q17: Editorial: An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest. Such approval is denied if the commander judges that the evidence on which the provisional arrest is based is insufficient. A government efficiency expert has found that almost all provisional arrests meet standards for adequacy of evidence that watch commanders enforce. The expert therefore
recommends that
the watch commander’s approval should no longer be required since the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted. (a proposal against which the editorial is directed) This recommendation should be rejected as dangerous, however, since there is no assurance that the watch commanders’ standards will continue to be observed once approval is no longer required. (a judgment reached by the editorial concerning that proposal.)
GWD-12-Q33: Several of a certain bank’s top executives have recently been purchasing shares in their own bank. (describes the circumstance the explanation of which is the issue that the argument addresses) This activity has occasioned some surprise, since it is widely believed that the bank, carrying a large number of bad loans, is on the brink of collapse. Since the executives are well placed to know their bank’s true condition, it might seem that their share purchases show that the danger of collapse is exaggerated. However, the available information about the bank’s condition is from reliable and informed sources, and corporate executives do sometimes buy shares in their own company in a calculated attempt to calm worries about their company’s condition. On balance, therefore, it is likely that the executives of the bank are following this example. (states the main conclusion of the argument.)
天山Q3: Business Consultant: Some corporations shun the use of executive titles because they fear that the use of titles indicating position in the corporation tends to inhibit communication up and down the corporate hierarchy.
(consideration that has led to the adoption of a certain strategy) Since an executive who uses a title is treated with more respect by outsiders, however, use of a title can facilitate an executive’s dealings with external businesses.
(a reason against adopting that strategy) The obvious compromise is for these executives to use their corporate titles externally but not internally, since even if it is widely known that the corporation’s executives use executive titles outside their organization, this knowledge does not by itself inhibit communication within the corporation.
天山Q32: Ecologist: The Scottish Highlands were once the site of extensive forests, but these forests have mostly disappeared and been replaced by peat bogs. The common view is that the Highlands’ deforestation was caused by human activity, especially agriculture. However, agriculture began in the Highlands less than 2,000 years ago. (evidence that, in light of the evidence provided in the second, serves as grounds for the ecologist’s rejection of a certain position. ) Peat bogs, which consist of compressed decayed vegetable matter, build up by only about one foot per 1,000 years and, throughout the Highlands, remains of trees in peat bogs are almost all at depths great than four feet. (the evidence) Since climate changes that occurred between 7,000 and 4,000 years ago favored the development of peat bogs rather than the survival of forests, the deforestation was more likely the result of natural processes than of human activity.
8月JJ真题 A prominent investor who holds a large stake in the Burton Tool company has recently claimed that the company is mismanaged, citing as evidence the company’s failure to slow production in response to a recent rise in its inventory of finished products. ( the position that the argument as a whole opposes) It is doubtful whether an investor’s sniping at management can ever be anything other than counterproductive, but in this case it is clearly not justified. (the conclusion of the argument as a whole) It is true that an increased inventory of finished products often indicates that production is outstripping demand, but in Burton’s case it indicates no such thing. Rather, the increase in inventory is entirely attributable to products that have already been assigned to orders received from customers.
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发表于 2006-11-22 23:25:00
art of evidence that the argument includes, and inference that can be drawn from this passage. 
楼主
