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谢谢LZ的总结,一浪推一浪呀.不过JJ还是有利有弊,也可以说是最后的稻草.数学JJ除外.
SCOUT GIRL Background information At the end of the nineteenth century, American society was no longer based on an agricultural economy. Increasing industrialization drew mothers, fathers, girls, and boys from small farms to factories, offices, and commercial ventures in cities. Rapid growth of these cities caused problems of overcrowding, poor health, unemployment, crime, and juvenile delinquency. Local governments were not able to solve these problems. Many people became concerned about the loss of values and ideals of the American pioneers and forefathers. Many American reformers, part of a national movement called “progressivism,” tried to solve the problems of change with such efforts as a renewed interest in religion, governmental reform, “back-tonature” movement, and educational reform. New ideas about education grew out of the first scientific studies about child development. The Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) had been developing programs for boys since 1867. Educators organized other groups for outdoor education for boys. In the U.S., Ernest Thompson Seton and Daniel Charles Beard were leaders in these efforts. In Great Britain in 1908, Robert Baden-Powell began a program called Boy Scouts. Baden-Powell’s program was adopted by the YMCA in the U.S., and by October 1910, U.S. Boy Scouts had 2,500 scoutmasters in forty-four states, Puerto Rico, and the Phillipines (Murray, 15). Baden-Powell’s Boy Scouts led to the founding in Great Britain in 1910 of the Girl Guides by his sister Agnes. In the U.S., YMCA and Boy Scouts leaders responded to American girls’ requests by establishing Campfire Girls in 1911. Luther Gulick, who along with others believed girls’ physical and mental abilities were very different from boys’, developed the program. Juliette Gordon Low had other ideas. Her Girl Scouts, established in 1912, moved beyond contemporary views of girls and women and responded to training girls for the roles of women. The roles and status of women have changed—although many roles have remained the same—over the years. Girl Scout programming has evolved to continue the ideals of its founder to make girls into well-prepared citizens whatever roles they assume. Girl Scouting in history Born in Savannah, Georgia in 1860, Juliette Gordon had been reared to be a wife and mother. She married William Low in 1886 and moved to his home in Great Britain. Her husband died in 1905; she had no children.Among her friends were Lord Robert Baden-Powell and his sister, Agnes, founders of Boy Scouts and Girl Guides in Great Britain. Low became interested in Girl Guides and established troops when she lived in London, England and Scotland. Low returned to Savannah and in March 1912 established the first American Girl Guide troop, changing the name to Girl Scouts in 1913. To spread the word of Girl Scouting, she relied on correspondence and her circle of friends. Low devoted her life and money to Girl Scouts in the U.S. and the international Girl Guides. She died on January 17, 1927. Her family home in Savannah was restored and opened in 1956 as a Girl Scouts national program center. The development of Girl Scouting reflects many aspects of the history of society over the years since 1912. The levels and activities have changed to meet the needs of girls as society has changed. The uniforms mirror the changing fashions over the decades. The cloth used has included cotton, Sanforized cotton, rayon, gabardine, and polyester blends as they became available. Adult uniforms have been designed by high fashion designers, including Indiana native Bill Blass in 1984. Juliette Gordon Low introduced the program for girls ages 10-17, with three ranks. By 1925, girls over 18 or First Class Scouts over 16 became known as Senior Scouts. English leaders in 1914 developed a program for younger girls who followed their sisters to Girl Guide meetings. In the U.S., a Brownie program for girls ages 7-10 was officially recognized in the mid-1920s. As a result of a U.S. Girl Scout program study in 1935, a revision of age groups was introduced in 1938—Brownies (7-9), Intermediates (10-13), and Seniors (14-17). In 1963, the GSUSA responded to rapidly changing times and the perceived needs of American girls from a study it had commissioned, 1955-1957. The program was altered to serve four Girl Scout age groups—Brownie (7-9, currently 6-9), Junior(9-11), Cadette (12-14), and Senior (14-17). In 1984, GSUSA extended its programming to kindergarten, or age 5, with the Daisy Girl Scout.
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发表于 2006-9-17 21:13:00
