OG11th_RC总结 请指点！

晴天小狗

OG11th_RC总结

OG11th_RC_1

Until recently, scientists did not know of a close vertebrate analogue to the extreme form of altruism observed in eusocial insects like ants and bees, whereby individuals cooperate, sometimes even sacrificing their own opportunities to survive and reproduce, for the good of others. However, such a vertebrate society may exist among underground colonies of the highly social rodent Heterocephalus
     glaber, the naked mole rat.

提出现象，eusocial insects, mole rat
     

A naked mole rat colony, like a beehive, wasp’s nest, or termite mound, is ruled by its queen, or reproducing female. Other adult female mole rats neither ovulate nor breed. The queen is the largest member of the colony, and she maintains her breeding status through a mixture of behavioral and, presumably, chemical control. Queens have been long-lived in captivity, and when they die or are removed from a colony one sees violent fighting for breeding status among the larger remaining females, leading to a takeover by a new queen.

描述了mole rat的colony和queen在其中的作用和地位；
     

Eusocial insect societies have rigid caste systems, each insect’s role being defined by its behavior, body shape, and physiology. In naked mole rat societies, on the other hand, differences in behavior are related primarily to reproductive status (reproduction being limited to the queen and a few males), body size, and perhaps age. Smaller non-breeding members, both male and female, seem to participate primarily in gathering food, transporting nest material, and tunneling. Larger nonbreeders are active in defending the colony and perhaps in removing dirt from the tunnels. Jarvis’ work has suggested that differences in growth rates may influence the length of time that an individual performs a task, regardless of its age.

eusocial insects和mole rat社会中role的评判标准和不同点。强对比on the other hand
     

Cooperative breeding has evolved many times in vertebrates, but unlike naked mole rats, most cooperatively breeding vertebrates (except the wild dog, Lycaon pictus) are dominated by a pair of breeders rather than by a single breeding female. The division of labor within social groups is less pronounced among other vertebrates than among naked mole rats, colony size is much smaller, and mating by subordinate females may not be totally suppressed, whereas in naked mole rat colonies subordinate females are not sexually active, and many never breed.

most vertibrates和mole rat的breeding方式有所不同
     

  

 

 

 

 

1.     Which of the following most accurately states the main idea of the passage? （main idea）
      

(A) Naked mole rat colonies are the only known examples of cooperatively breeding vertebrate societies. 和文章不符，第四段有举例
      

(B) Naked mole rat colonies exhibit social organization based on a rigid caste system. 文章中只提到了eusocial insects有rigid caste system,而且只是一个细节
      

(C) Behavior in naked mole rat colonies may well be a close vertebrate analogue to behavior in eusocial insect societies. T
      

(D) The mating habits of naked mole rats differ from those of any other vertebrate species. 没有说和其他所有的都不同（C）
       

(E) The basis for the division of labor among naked mole rats is the same as that among eusocial insects. 与原文矛盾
      

2.     The passage suggests that Jarvis’ work has called into question which of the following explanatory variables for naked mole rat behavior?  细节题
      

(A) Size 无关
      

(B) Age T
      

(C) Reproductive status 无关
      

(D) Rate of growth 无关（B）
       

(E) Previously exhibited behavior 无关
      

3.     It can be inferred from the passage that the performance of tasks in naked mole rat colonies differs from task performance in eusocial insect societies in which of the following ways?

(A) In naked mole rat colonies, all tasks are performed cooperatively.没提及
      

(B) In naked mole rat colonies, the performance of tasks is less rigidly determined by body shape. 正确，body shape决定eusocial insects的system

(C) In naked mole rat colonies, breeding is limited to the largest animals. Eusocial insects中没提到breeding是否仅限于largest animals,所以无从比较
      

(D) In eusocial insect societies, reproduction is limited to a single female. （B）
       

(E) In eusocial insect societies, the distribution of tasks is based on body size. 不是body size

4.     According to the passage, which of the following is a supposition rather than a fact concerning the queen in a naked mole rat colony?细节题，根据queen in a rat colony定位到P2，presumably

(A) She is the largest member of the colony. Fact
      

(B) She exerts chemical control over the colony.

(C) She mates with more than one male. Fact
      

(D) She attains her status through aggression. Fact（B）
       

(E) She is the only breeding female. Fact
      

5.   The passage supports which of the following inferences about breeding among Lycaon pictus? 细节
     推断，关于Lycaon只有一句话
      

(A) The largest female in the social group does not maintain reproductive status by means of behavioral control. Not given
      

(B) An individual’s ability to breed is related primarily to its rate of growth. Not given
      

(C) Breeding is the only task performed by the breeding female. Not given
      

(D) Breeding in the social group is not cooperative. 错，最后一段说了他是cooperative breeding的一种，只是其中的特例（E）
       

(E) Breeding is not dominated by a single pair of dogs. 正确，改写原文
      

6.     According to the passage, naked mole rat colonies may differ from all other known vertebrate groups in which of the following ways?

(A) Naked mole rats exhibit an extreme form of altruism.

(B) Naked mole rats are cooperative breeders. 很多动物都是，没有不同
      

(C) Among naked mole rats, many males are permitted to breed with a single dominant female. 没说只有他
      

(D) Among naked mole rats, different tasks are performed at different times in an individual’s life. 没有说vertebrate是怎么样的（A）
       

(E) Among naked mole rats, fighting results in the selection of a breeding female. 没说只有他
      

7.     One function of the third paragraph of the passage is to 结构题
      

(A) state a conclusion about facts presented in an earlier paragraph

(B) introduce information that is contradicted by information in the fourth paragraph

(C) qualify the extent to which two previously mentioned groups might be similar

(D) show the chain of reasoning that led to the conclusions of a specific study（C）
       

(E) demonstrate that of three explanatory factors offered, two may be of equal significance

1，我已经把og的文章做过了一遍，现在才开始总结，这是第一篇

2，我不知道这样总结对不对，这样真的有效果吗

3，og的每篇文章都应该这样做么？

4，1.5h的时间会不会有点太久了？

5，没有向大家说得，这样做过之后有茅塞顿开的感觉啊

 望赐教！

[此贴子已经被作者于2006-8-31 20:34:54编辑过]

wei_wangyan

不好意思，我第一遍OG的RC还没完，还没正式总结，也没法给你意见。

但感觉你的办法挺好，尤其你自己有茅塞顿开的感觉，自己的方法最适合自己。

只是在电脑上这样做笔记，会不会花时间太多？我打算写在OG的空白处（现在第一遍只写了陌生单词），方便看。

很快就要开始这项工作了，再来与你探讨。

电池要没电了，明天见。

 

 

晴天小狗

我说 我没有茅塞顿开的感觉...

都不知道这样做行不行

请老大们给点建议，不然会比较的盲目

晴天小狗

以下是引用wei_wangyan在2006-8-30 22:49:00的发言：

不好意思，我第一遍OG的RC还没完，还没正式总结，也没法给你意见。

但感觉你的办法挺好，尤其你自己有茅塞顿开的感觉，自己的方法最适合自己。

只是在电脑上这样做笔记，会不会花时间太多？我打算写在OG的空白处（现在第一遍只写了陌生单词），方便看。

很快就要开始这项工作了，再来与你探讨。

电池要没电了，明天见。

 

 

谢谢您，我还是想在pc上做了，因为我发现在pc上做还真是不习惯，得慢慢的适应了

时间上是会比较长，所以觉得有一些犹豫。今天晚上再做rc的总结

您也加油

喵喵猫

你做了第二遍了吗?

1.5H  好象有点长啊。..

晴天小狗

可不是么，第一遍就是把题给做了，没有总结

这是第一次总结，今天晚上还要再总结试试，争取节省时间吧

晴天小狗

第二篇没找到电子版，所以在书上做了

晴天小狗

OG11th-3  问题解决型

 

Archaeology as a profession faces two major prob-

lems. First, it is the poorest of the poor. Only paltry

sums are available for excavating and even less is avail-

able for publishing the results and preserving the sites

(5) once excavated. Yet archaeologists deal with priceless

objects every day. Second, there is the problem of illegal

excavation, resulting in museum-quality pieces being

sold to the highest bidder.

Archaeology 面临的两个问题

 

I would like to make an outrageous suggestion that

(10) would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and

reduce the amount of illegal digging. I would propose

that scientific archeological expeditions and govern-

mental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open

market. Such sales would provide substantial funds for

(15) the excavation and preservation of archaeological sites

and the publication of results. At the same time, they

would break the illegal excavator’s grip on the market,

thereby decreasing the inducement to engage in illegal

activities.

作者提出了一种解决方法

 

(20) You might object that professionals excavate to

acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient arti-

facts are part of our global cultural heritage, which

should be available for all to appreciate, not sold to the

highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that has unique

(25) artistic merit or scientific value. But, you might reply,

everything that comes our of the ground has scientific

value. Here we part company. Theoretically, you may be

correct in claiming that every artifact has potential scien-

tific value. Practically, you are wrong.

否定别人的看法，确认自己的观点

 

(30) I refer to the thousands of pottery vessels and ancient

lamps that are essentially duplicates of one another. In

one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recently

uncovered 2,000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in

a single courtyard, Even precious royal seal impressions

(35) known as/melekh handles have been found in abun-

dance---more than 4,000 examples so far.

举例论证

 

The basements of museums are simply not large

enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discov-

ered in the future. There is not enough money even to

(40) catalogue the finds; as a result, they cannot be found

again and become as inaccessible as if they had never

been discovered. Indeed, with the help of a computer,

sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the

pieces stored in bulging museum basements. Prior to

(45) sale, each could be photographed and the list of the

purchasers could be maintained on the computer A

purchaser could even be required to agree to return the

piece if it should become needed for scientific purposes.

批判别的做法，加强自己的观点

 

It would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal digging

(50) would stop if artifacts were sold on the open market.

But the demand for the clandestine product would be

substantially reduced. Who would want an unmarked

pot when another was available whose provenance was

known, and that was dated stratigraphically by the

professional archaeologist who excavated it?

再次论证自己的观点

 

1.     The primary purpose of the passage is to propose (main idea)

(A) an alternative to museum display of artifacts  not given

(B) a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the archaeological profession 正确，问题解决型文章，本文作者给出了一个方法来解决上述问题

(C) a way to distinguish artifacts with scientific value from those that have no such value  ng

(D) the governmental regulation of archaeological sites NG（B）

(E) a new system for cataloguing duplicate artifacts  仅仅是detail

2.     The author implies that all of the following statements about duplicate artifacts are true EXCEPT:  细节题

(A) A market for such artifacts already exists.

(B) Such artifacts seldom have scientific value.

(C) There is likely to be a continuing supply of such artifacts.

(D) Museums are well supplied with examples of such artifacts.（E）

(E) Such artifacts frequently exceed in quality those already catalogued in museum collections.

3.     Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a disadvantage of storing artifacts in museum basements? 细节

(A) Museum officials rarely allow scholars access to such artifacts.

(B) Space that could be better used for display is taken up for storage.

(C) Artifacts discovered in one excavation often become separated from each other.

(D) Such artifacts are often damaged by variations in temperature and humidity.（E）

(E) Such artifacts’ often remain uncatalogued and thus cannot be located once they are put in storage.
            对应原文they cannot be found again and become as inaccessible as if they had never been discovered

晴天小狗

OG_RC_4

结论解释型文章，总分，
        说了us occupational information about women统计方法的变化，以时间为线索

During the nineteenth-century, occupational information about women that was provided by the United States census—a population count conducted each decade—became more detailed and precise in response to social changes.（TS） Through 1840, simple enumeration by household mirrored a home-based agricultural economy and hierarchical social order: the head of the household (presumed male or absent) was specified by name, whereas other household members were only indicated by the total number of persons counted in various categories, including occupational categories. Like farms, most enterprises were family-run, so that the census measured economic activity as an attribute of the entire household, rather than of individuals.

 

The 1850 census, partly responding to antislavery and women’s rights movements, initiated the collection of specific information about each individual in a household. Not until 1870 was occupational information analyzed by gender: the census superintendent reported 1.8 million women employed outside the home in “gainful and reputable occupations.” In addition, he arbitrarily attributed to each family one woman “keeping house.” Overlap between the two groups was not calculated until 1890, when the rapid entry of women into the paid labor force and social issues arising from industrialization were causing women’s advocates and women statisticians to press for more thorough and accurate accounting of women’s occupations and wages.

 

236.
            The primary purpose of the passage is to
                    main idea

(A) explain and critique the methods used by early statisticians

(B) compare and contrast a historical situation with a current-day one

(C) describe and explain a historical change 正确，主要说了19世纪
        美国统计occupational information about women方法的变化

(D) discuss historical opposition to an established institution（C）

(E) trace the origin of a contemporary controversy

237.
            Each of the following aspects of nineteenth-century United States censuses is mentioned in the passage EXCEPT the    细节题

(A) year in which data on occupations began to be analyzed by gender

(B) year in which specific information began to be collected on individuals in addition to the head of the household

(C) year in which overlap between women employed outside the home and women keeping house was first calculated

(D) way in which the 1890 census measured women’s income levels and educational backgrounds  No information

(E) way in which household members were counted in the 1840 census

238.
            It can be inferred from the passage that the 1840 United States census provided a count of which of the following?

(A) Women who worked exclusively in the home

(B) People engaged in nonfarming occupations 1840统计了所有的职业，包括nonfarming occupation

(C) People engaged in social movements no information

(D) Women engaged in family-run enterprises 1870才开始按照性别开始统计（B）

(E) Men engaged in agriculture 1870才开始按照性别开始统计

239.
            The author uses the adjective “simple” in line 5 most probably to emphasize that the

(A) collection of census information became progressively more difficult throughout the nineteenth-century           not given

(B) technology for tabulating census information was rudimentary during the first half of the nineteenth century       no information about the technology

(C) home-based agricultural economy of the early nineteenth century was easier to analyze than the later industrial economy  没有比较对数据进行统计是不是困难

(D) economic role of women was better defined in the early nineteenth century than in the late nineteenth century   no inf（E）

(E) information collected by early-nineteen-century censuses was limited in its amount of detail
             正确

240.
            The passage suggests which of the following about the “women’s advocates and women statisticians” mentioned in lines 27-28? 细节推断

(A) They wanted to call attention to the lack of pay for women who worked in the home.

(B) They believed that previous census information was inadequate and did not reflect certain economic changes in the United States. Correct！原文最后说想要更加准确的数据统计，暗示了以前的统计结果并不十分准确。

(C) They had begun to press for changes in census-taking methods as part of their participation in the antislavery movement. 无关

(D) They thought that census statistics about women would be more accurate if more women were employed as census officials. 没有提到要做census officials（B）

(E) They had conducted independent studies that disputed the official statistics provided by previous United States censuses. 未提及

 

晴天小狗

今天2篇文章用了70分钟，比昨天强的多了。明天继续分析总结OG RC