向大侠求解两道加强题！万分感谢。

alexpku520

老题223
Many state legislatures are considering proposals to the effect that certain policies should be determined not by the legislature itself but by public referenda in which every voter can take part. Critics of the proposals argue that the outcomes of public referenda would be biased, since wealthy special-interest groups are able to influence voter's views by means of television advertisements.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the critics' argument?
(A) Many state legislators regard public referenda as a way of avoiding voting on issues on which their constituents are divided.
(B)During elections for members of the legislature, the number of people who vote is unaffected by whether the candidates run television advertisements or not.
(C)Proponents of policies that are opposed by wealthy special-interest groups are often unable to afford advertising time on local television stations.
(D)Different special-interest groups often take opposing positions on question of which policies the state should adopt.
(E)Television stations are reluctant to become associated with any one political opinion, for fear of losing viewers who do not share that opinion.

个人觉得C 和 D都构成了加强， 不知怎么取舍，请高人指点。

286。When people predict that a certain result will not take place unless a certain action is taken, they believe that they have learned that the prediction is correct when the action is taken and the result occurs. On reflection,however, it often becomes clear that the result admits of more than one interpretation.
Which of the following, if true, best supports the claim above?
(A)Judging the success of an action requires specifying the goal of the action.
(B)Judging which action to take before a prediction is made requires knowing about other actions that have been successful in similar past situations.
(C)Learning whether a certain predictive stratedy is good requires knowing the result of using that strategy through several trials.
(D)Distinguishing a correct prediction and effective action from an incorrect prediction and ineffective action is often impossible.
(E)Making a successful prediction requires knowing the facts about the context of the prediction.

答案选D， 但很难理解，麻烦高手指点迷津。

kathy72

223, 答案C?

题目说 公民投票结果有偏差, 原因是有钱人可以通过电视广告影响投票人

C说: 与投票人意见相反的人没钱做广告, 是从另一角度加强了结论. (因为如果这些人也有钱做广告的话, 结果可能不会有偏差)
D选项说不同利益群体持不同意见, 并不能说明投票结果一定有偏差.

alexpku520

多谢kathy的解释。223答案是D，没错。
能不能解释一下286？

MindyT

286 conclusion即为一果可以多有多因，D 即表达了“难以正确区分哪个因对应哪个果”

Bensontuo

alexpku520 发表于 2003-10-10 12:22
多谢kathy的解释。223答案是D，没错。能不能解释一下286？

No, the answer of 223 is definitely C.

Bensontuo

alexpku520 发表于 2003-10-10 11:45
老题223Many state legislatures are considering proposals to the effect that certain policies should  ...

Let's try to simplify the abstract discussion with an example:

"When people predict that certain result will not take place unless a certain action is taken,"

Prediction: You will not get 700+ in GMAT (certain result) unless you study hard (certain action)

"they believe that they have learned that the prediction is correct when the action is taken and the result occurs."

You study hard. You get 700+ in GMAT.
You learn that the prediction is correct.

"On reflection, however, it often becomes clear that the result admits of more than one interpretation."

700+ score admits of more than one interpretation. You may not be able to say that the prediction is correct. You may not be able to say that hard work got you 700+ score.

We need to strength this conclusion.

(A) Judging the success of an action requires specifying the goal of the action.

The goal of the action would presumably be "the result". The conclusion says that there is a specific result. Doesn't help in strengthening the conclusion.

(B) Judging which action to take after a prediction is made requires knowing about other actions that have been successful in similar past situations.

Past situations are irrelevant to the argument. A prediction is made on an action leading to result. The action is already specified. How we arrived at "study hard" is irrelevant here.

(C) Learning whether a certain predictive strategy is good requires knowing the result using that strategy through several trials.

This says that several trials are required to find whether the prediction is true. Our conclusion says that the prediction may not be true at all. Hence this option doesn't strengthen the conclusion either.

(D) Distinguishing a correct prediction and effective action from an incorrect prediction and ineffective action is often impossible.

(D) says that we may not be able to say what "hard work" is. Whether someone worked hard or not cannot be distinguished. If that is the case, then it is true that 700+ score admits of more than one interpretation.

(E) Making a successful prediction requires knowing the facts about the context of that prediction.

Context of the prediction is out of scope.

Answer (D)