|
九道句子作用真题全总结 风云化龙（fyhllj） 感谢Anchoret提供的这9道句子作用题，使大家有了更多的学习机会。感谢 Vrylwj对这次投票工作有使自终的支持和热情参与。感谢网友们的热情，积极的参与，总共投票180票。如还有疑问，请大家在逻辑区继续讨论。 9/17/2003 1. Modern navigation systems, which are found in most of today’s commercial aircraft, are made with low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in older planes. (During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway). Recently, one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course during landing, its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a laptop computer. (Clearly, modern aircraft navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board, such as cassette players and laptop computers.)
The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
(A) The first is a principle that the argument relies on and the second is a conclusion that can be drawn from the first.
(B) The first is a fact that argument relies on and the second is a conclusion that must be drawn from this argument.
(C) The first acknowledges a consideration that supports that main position; the second is that conclusion.
(D) The first is an evidence that supports the conclusion, the second is that conclusion.
(E) The first is a principle that is necessary for this argument, the second is a conclusion that could be drawn from this argument.
参考答案：E 思路：Modern navigation systems, which are found in most of today’s commercial aircraft, are made with low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in older planes.（Fact）（During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway). （Principle）Recently, one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course during landing, its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a laptop computer.(evidence) (Clearly, modern aircraft navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board, such as cassette players and laptop computers.)(conclusion) 本题争论主要在(B)和(E)。第一部分是fact or principle? 根据(from Cambridge Dictionary of American English)
principle
(BASIC TRUTH)
noun [C often pl]
a basic truth that explains or controls how something happens or works
the principles of Newtonian physics During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway). 讲述了一个飞机降落时导航系统通过接受机场发出的无线电波来指导降落的基本事实，所以这一部分应为principle. 2. A double-blind study, in which neither the patient nor the primary researcher knows whether the patient is being given the drug being tested or a placebo, is the most effective procedure for testing the efficacy of a drug. But we will not be able to perform such a study on this new drug, since the drug will have various effects on the patients’ bodies, which will make us aware of whether the patients are getting the drug or a placebo. The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? (A) The first is a general consideration that introduces the argument; the second is a special situation that weighs against the first.
(B) The first is a general principle that is necessary for this argument; the second is an anti-consideration that the argument includes.
(C) The first is a premise that this argument includes; the second is a main idea that can be drawn from this argument.
(D) The first is an evidence that this argument includes; the second is a conclusion that can not be drawn from this argument.
(E) The first is a general situation that supports this argument; the second is a conclusion that can be drawn from a special fact. 参考答案: B 思路：A double-blind study, in which neither the patient nor the primary researcher knows whether the patient is being given the drug being tested or a placebo, is the most effective procedure for testing the efficacy of a drug.(principle) But we will not be able to perform such a study on this new drug, since the drug will have various effects on the patients’ bodies, which will make us aware of whether the patients are getting the drug or a placebo. (anti-coideration) 网友的观点： Vrylwj: 我认为C不太对。(C) The first is a premise that this argument includes; the second is a main idea that can be drawn from this argument. premise 应是支持argment. the first 没有支持。main idea 的说法也不太好。我最初是想在A和B中选一个的。最后还是选了B. 我认为A不好。因为the second应该也是结论的一部分，而不是special situation weigh against the first. Cooperqi: 第二句并不是用来反对第一句的，而是提出相反的结论 完全同意。选B 3. The interstitial nucleus, a sub-region of the brain’s hypothalamus, is typically smaller for male cats than for female cats. A neurobiologist performed autopsies on male cats who died from disease X, a disease affecting no more than 0.5 percent of male cats, and found that these male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally found in female cats. Thus, the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X, but, the hypothalamus is known not to be causally linked to disease Y, and disease X is a subtype of disease Y.
The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? (A) The first is a fact in support of the consideration that is one of two points of this argument; the second is the alternative point that weighs against the first.
(B) The first is an evidence that supports the consideration that the argument includes; the second is the fact that weighs against that consideration that could be drawn from the first.
(C) The first is a general principle that is against the conclusion; the second is that conclusion.
(D) The first is an evidence that supports the conclusion; the second is an exceptional example.
(E) The first is a fact in support of the conclusion that the argument depends on; the second is a fact that is against the first one. 参考答案：B 思路：The interstitial nucleus, a sub-region of the brain’s hypothalamus, is typically smaller for male cats than for female cats.（Fact） A neurobiologist performed autopsies on male cats who died from disease X, a disease affecting no more than 0.5 percent of male cats, and found that these male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally found in female cats. (evidence) Thus, the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X,(consideration that can be drawn from the first one) but, the hypothalamus is known not to be causally linked to disease Y, and disease X is a subtype of disease Y. (fact) Answer is B: The first is an evidence that supports the consideration that the argument includes; the second is the fact that weighs against that consideration that could be drawn from the first. 4. More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced, and it is thus increasingly unnecessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles. Consequently, in training engineers who will work in industry, less emphasis should be placed on mathematical principles, so that space in the engineering curriculum will be available for other important subjects.
The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? (A) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes; the second is the conclusion that could be drawn from this passage.
(B) The first is the fact that is necessary for this argument; the second is the conclusion that must be drawn from this passage.
(C) The first is the part of premise that the argument includes; the second is the inference that could be drawn from this passage.
(D) The first is the part of evidence that supports this argument; the second is the inference that could be drawn from this passage.
(E) The first is the first conclusion in this argument; the second is the second conclusion in this argument. 参考答案 : E 网友的观点： vrylwj: 如果选 C The first is the part of premise that the argument includes，就认为整个第一句话，在 consequecely 这前都是这段argument 的 premise。 XDJM们认为第一句在and 前后的两个分句到底是什么作用呢？ Fyhllj: 大家认为该如何区分inference和conclusion呢？ Vrylwj: inference 只能是是暗含，文中没有直接说明的。 但conclusion 面更大些。大概inference 也是conclusion的一种。 我对这些词也很困惑。 Etone: 我认为选E C是有一点混淆，但是从意思上看黑体部分应该是并列的两个结论。
因为是由于计算机程序能更多的帮助计算工程中的数学问题，所以土木工程的课程可以更多地转向更重要的课题。
It is thus...已经是一个sub-conclusion。 Remeo: 所谓的second-premise是什么意思呢?
还有inference和conclusion区别是否在于inference只能出现原文范畴内的内容,而conclusion可以有类推到其他呢? Vrylwj: 先把argment 分析一下，哪句话是前提，哪句是结论，如果有两个前提，那第二个就是second premise了。 5. Gasoline-powered boat engines manufactured in the a North American country prior to 1990 contribute significantly to the pollution found in the world’s oceans. In 1990, however, the government imposed stricter pollution controls on gasoline engines manufactured for boats, and beginning in 1995, the government imposed a program of inspections for pre-1990 boat engines with increasingly rigorous pollution standards. As the older boat engines fail to pass inspection, boat owners are increasingly retiring their old engines in favor of newer, less-polluting boat engines. As a result, the amount of pollution these older boat engines emit into the world’s oceans will steadily decrease over the next en years.
The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? (A) The first is a pattern of cause and effect that acts as an evidence in support of this argument; the second is the conclusion that can be drawn from this argument.
(B) The first is a fact that acts as a principle in support of this argument; the second is the conclusion that must be drawn from this argument.
(C) The first is a pattern of cause and effect that acts as an special evidence in support of the conclusion; the second is a general point that can be drawn from this argument.
(D) The first is a pattern of cause and effect that acts as the third evidence in support of the argument; the second is a conclusion that must be true.
(E) The first is a final evidence in support of the argument; the second is a conclusion that can be drawn only from the first. 参考答案: A 思路：Gasoline-powered boat engines manufactured in the a North American country prior to 1990 contribute significantly to the pollution found in the world’s oceans. (fact)In 1990, however, the government imposed stricter pollution controls on gasoline engines manufactured for boats, and beginning in 1995, the government imposed a program of inspections for pre-1990 boat engines with increasingly rigorous pollution standards.(fact) As the older boat engines fail to pass inspection, boat owners are increasingly retiring their old engines in favor of newer, less-polluting boat engines. (一个用因果关系表示的证据)As a result, the amount of pollution these older boat engines emit into the world’s oceans will steadily decrease over the next en years. （结论） 6. Plants that exhibit certain leaf diseases tend to measure extremely high in the amount of zinc in their leaf and stem tissue. Botanists have discovered that phosphorus of the type typically used in a phosphorus-high fertilizer reacts with the zinc in such a way as to prevent treated plants from exhibiting the leaf diseases, and zinc is the cause and not merely an effect of the leaf diseases. Thus, plants can be cured from these leaf diseases by the use of a fertilizer high in phosphorus. The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? (A) The first is the first-premise that the argument includes; the second is the second-premise that is in support of this argument.
(B) The first is the background that the argument includes; the second is the part of evidence in support of this argument.
(C) The first is the first-premise that the argument includes; the second is the consideration that is in support of the first.
(D) The first is the premise that supports the evidence; the second is that evidence.
(E) The first is the first-premise that the argument includes; the second is the second-premise that is complementary to other evidence. 参考答案 : B 思路：Plants that exhibit certain leaf diseases tend to measure extremely high in the amount of zinc in their leaf and stem tissue.(Fact or background) Botanists have discovered that phosphorus of the type typically used in a phosphorus-high fertilizer reacts with the zinc in such a way as to prevent treated plants from exhibiting the leaf diseases, and zinc is the cause and not merely an effect of the leaf diseases. (作者发现的两个证据，黑体字为第二个证据)Thus, plants can be cured from these leaf diseases by the use of a fertilizer high in phosphorus. （结论） 7. To be accepted as a member at the Brown Country Club, one must have a net worth of over ten million dollars and must not have any connections to the entertainment industry. Robert Chase, the publishing magnate, has a net worth of 5 billion dollars and chase has not financed any Hollywood movies, so he must be accepted as a member at the Brown Country Club.
The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? (A) The first is the part of evidence in support of this argument; the second is the conclusion that could not be drawn from all evidence that the argument contains.
(B) The first is the first-evidence that supports this argument; the second is the mainpoint that must be drawn from all evidence that the argument includes.
(C) The first is the one fact of two that argument includes; the second is the conclusion that could be drawn from this passage.
(D) The first is the background that is necessary for this argument; the second is the conclusion that is not drawn only from the first.
(E) The first is the cause that the argument includes; the second is the effect that can be drawn only from this cause. 参考答案: A 思路: D是混淆项，虽然正确，但是A比D更好。 8. The survival of the publishing industry depends upon the existence of a public who will buy the printed word in the form of newspapers, books and magazines. Over the past several years, however, the advance of electronic media, particularly CD-ROMs, online computer services, and the Internet, has made information available to the public electronically without the need for printed materials. As the availability of electronic media increases and as it is more easily accessible, the public has less need for printed materials. So the publishing industry is threatened by the advance of the computer information age.
The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? (A) The first is the part of evidence that the argument includes, the second is the conclusion that can be drawn only from the first.
(B) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes; the second is the conclusion that is reasonably drawn form this passage.
(C) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes, the second is the inference that must be drawn from this argument.
(D) The first is the fact that must be true, the second is the inference that can be correctly drawn from this argument.
(E) The first is the part of premise that the argument depends on; the second is the conclusion that is incorrectly drawn from this argument 参考答案: D 思路: The survival of the publishing industry depends upon the existence of a public who will buy the printed word in the form of newspapers, books and magazines.（premise） Over the past several years, however, the advance of electronic media, particularly CD-ROMs, online computer services, and the Internet, has made information available to the public electronically without the need for printed materials.(已经的的确确发生了的fact) As the availability of electronic media increases and as it is more easily accessible, the public has less need for printed materials.（作者的证据） So the publishing industry is threatened by the advance of the computer information age. （作者的推论） 9. Something must be done to ease traffic congestion. In traditional small towns, people used to work and shop in the same town in which they lived; but now that stores and workplaces are located far away from residential areas, people cannot avoid traveling long distances each day. Traffic congestion is so heavy on all roads that, even on major highways where the maximum speed limit is 55 miles per hour, the actual speed averages only 35 miles per hour. So new businesses should be encouraged to locate closer to where their workers would live.
The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? (A) Background that the argument depends on and conclusion that can be drawn from the argument.
(B)  art of evidence that the argument includes, and inference that can be drawn from this passage.
(C) re-evidence that the argument depends on and part of evidence that supports the conclusion.
(D) Background that argument depends on and part of evidence that supports the conclusion.
(E) re-evidence that argument includes and a method that helps to supports that conclusion. 参考答案: E 思路: Something must be done to ease traffic congestion.(conclusion) In traditional small towns, people used to work and shop in the same town in which they lived(evidence); but now that stores and workplaces are located far away from residential areas, people cannot avoid traveling long distances each day.(evidence) Traffic congestion is so heavy on all roads that, even on major highways where the maximum speed limit is 55 miles per hour, the actual speed averages only 35 miles per hour.(evidence) So new businesses should be encouraged to locate closer to where their workers would live. (author’s method or strategy) 此题争论的焦点在B和E。最后一句话显然不是inference，因为inference必须是题目中已经暗含的，只是没有明确表达出来而已，而不题从题中读不出这层含义来。 | 
京公网安备11010202008513号 京ICP证101109号 京ICP备12012021号
发表于 2006-11-14 16:50:00
楼主
)
