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Sorry here is my Model:
ISSUE:
Recently there is a debate over whether….Different people hold different views
because of their distinct background. Some people assert that…, while other peop
le believe that….As a matter of fact, the issue of whether…is a complex and con
troversial one. Therefore there is not a universal answer, and whether one choice
takes precedence over the other depends on specific situation. Actually the fina
l judgment should rely on a case-by-case analysis. As far as I am concerned, I ag
ree that, and do not agree that. My view can be greatly substantiated by the foll
owing discussions.
In the first place, the important reason that can be presented to develop my pos
ition is that…… A good example may be found in the case that…… Under this cir
cumstance, it is obvious that….
In addition, there is another reason for me to choose this statement. The reason
is not so far to seek…… To illustrate, let us consider that ……Hence another
equally important aspect is that……
Admittedly, it may be true that …… , in some conditions. However, this alone d
oes not constitute a sufficient support to claim that……Actually, these cases ar
e rare and therefore are too specific and too weak to strengthen the view that….
. When the advantages and disadvantages of X and Y are carefully examined, the mo
st striking conclusion is obvious that……
To sum up, due to the above mentioned reasons, which sometimes correlate with ea
ch other to generate an integral whole and thus become more convincing than any s
ingle one of them, we may be comfortable to say that……, because ……
ARGUMENT:
In this argument, the author concludes that… To support his conclusion, the aut
hor points out that…. In addition, the author reasons that… Further more, he al
so assumes that … . At first glance, the author’s argument appears to be someho
w appealing, while a close examination will reveal how groundless it is. We do no
t have to look very far to see the invalidity of this argument. This argument is
problematic for the following reasons.
In the first place, this argument rests on a gratuitous assumption that …. Howe
ver, the assumption is questionable because the author provides no evidence to su
pport this argument. The arguer fails to take into account other facts that might
contribute to the result that …….. It is likely that , ……………..; it is als
o likely that ………………………… Any of these scenarios, if true, would show th
at ………………Therefore, this argument in question nee not to be accepted withou
t ruling out such possibility.
In the second place, the argument commits a logic fallacy of “after this and th
erefore because of this”. In no case can the mere fact that… be cited as eviden
ce to support the assumption that there is a causal-effect relationship between A
and B. Moreover, that just because B can be statistically correlated with A does
not necessarily mean that A is the cause of B. In fact, the author has obviously
neglected the possibility of other alternative facts such as…, or … may contri
bute to a certain extent to B. It may be only a coincidence that …… . Unless th
e author can rule out other factors relevant to …, this assumption in question c
an not be accepted.
In the third place, the evidence that the author provides is insufficient to sup
port the conclusion drawn from it. One example is rarely sufficient to establish
a general conclusion. Unless the arguer can show that A1 is representative of all
A, the conclusion that B… is completely unwarranted. In fact, in face of such l
imited evidence, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all.
In the fourth place, the argument has also committed a false analogy fallacy. Th
e argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to B in all respects, and
the author assumes without justification that all things are equal, and that the
background conditions have remained the same at different times or at different l
ocations. No evidence is provided to support this assumption. However there are a
ll kinds of important differences between ……. and other …making the analogy hi
ghly less than valid. For example, A..., however, B....Thus lacking this assumpti
on, the conclusion that … is entirely unfounded.
Last but no least, the validity of the survey on which the argument relies is do
ubtful in itself. The survey cited by the author is too vague to be informative.
The claim does not indicate who conducted this survey and when and how the survey
is conducted, neither does it mention what is the sample size, or how the sample
s are selected. Until these questions are answered the results of this survey are
worthless as evidence to support that….
Besides, the author assumes that A and B are mutually exclusive alternatives and
there is no room for a middle ground. However, the author has never offered any
reasons or evidences for imposing an either-or choice. Common sense and observati
on tells us that adjoining both A and B might produce better results.
In conclusion, the arguer fails to substantiate his claim that …. Because the e
vidence cited in the analysis is too weak to lend strong support to what the argu
er claims. To strengthen the argument, the arguer must convince us that…. In add
ition, the arguer could have to provide more precise information to support his c
laim.
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发表于 2006-3-14 11:10:00
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