- UID
- 1442453
- 在线时间
- 小时
- 注册时间
- 2020-2-5
- 最后登录
- 1970-1-1
- 主题
- 帖子
- 性别
- 保密
|
【句子】
1. He proposed that this led to progressive desiccation that forced the withdrawal of humans, animals and plants to the banks of rivers and oases. 他提出,这导致了逐渐的干旱,迫使人类、动物和植物撤退到河流和绿洲的岸边。(forced the withdrwals of XXX to…)
2. The somewhat sweeping nature of Childe's 'catastrophic' explanation of the origin of agriculture ran into considerable resistance. 恰尔德对农业起源的“灾难性”解释有些笼统,遭到了相当大的阻力。
3. This increase led to an inevitable limitation of resources and made the adoption of hardship and toil of agriculture inevitable. 这种增长导致了不可避免的资源限制,并使艰苦和辛劳的农业成为不可避免的。
4. Why did hunter-gatherer population dynamics suddenly require people to embrace food production with all its laborious and time-consuming drawbacks rather than sticking to the freedom of hunting and gathering? 为什么狩猎采集者的人口动态突然要求人们接受食物生产的种种费力和耗时的缺点,而不是坚持狩猎和采集的自由?
5. The return to near-ice-age conditions posed the most frightful challenge to the burgeoning communities of the Fertile Crescent. 回到接近冰河时代的环境对新月沃土迅速发展的社区构成了最可怕的挑战。
6. The savage cold and aridity of the Younger Dryas brought this period of advance to a grindling halt. 新仙女木时期的极度寒冷和干旱使这一时期的发展戛然停止。
【段落大意】
第一段:农业起源。争论开始于CG,其论点过于简单,不仅是冰川时代结束后的天气骤变。
第二段:新因素(consensus):人口压力。但一些方面的改变原因还未可知。
第三段:气候和定居。
第一段:农业起源的争论来自于GC这个人。他认为是农业起源是由于冰川时代结束后天气的骤变,这使得人动物植物到了河岸边,进而result in了快速的人口增长和定居。但是作者认为GC的view过于简单,也没有很详细的解释好一些事情。
第二段:GC的笼统的解释遭遇了很大的抵制。共识认为,农业是由于人口压力而产生的。人口增长,资源有限,开始农业(不过不知道的是为啥不stick to打猎和采集而要采取很辛劳并且耗费时间的农业)。一部分原因或许是因为定居使得养孩子更容易。女人不用再将带孩子成为游牧生活的一部分。但还是不太明白这样变化的背后到底是什么驱动力,不用说,天气变化是很可能的。
第三段:气候和定居。好的气候使得人们定居。但是人类发现农业才是生存的唯一选择。
【科普】
第三段出现的Younger Dryas和Older Dryas其实为阅读造成了障碍,不知道这两个概念是什么意思。但是根据原文的语气 “although the Older Dryas interrupted..."和 "The savage cold and arifity of the Younger Dryas..."就能看出来,这两个概念并不是什么好的东西。其实这两个概念就是指的两段天气骤然变冷的时期。所以最后才说农业是唯一出路。
The Younger Dryas (c. 12,900 to 11,700 years BP[2]) was a return to glacial conditions which temporarily reversed the gradual climatic warming after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, c. 27,000 to 20,000 years BP). The Younger Dryas was the last stage of the Pleistocene epoch (c. 2,580,000 to 11,700 years BP) and it preceded the current, warmer Holocene epoch. The Younger Dryas was the most severe and long lasting of several interruptions to the warming of the Earth's climate, and it was preceded by the Late Glacial Interstadial (c. 14,670 to 12,900 BP).
The Older Dryas[a] was a stadial (cold) period between the Bølling and Allerød interstadials (warmer phases), about 14,000 years Before Present, towards the end of the Pleistocene. Its date is not well defined, with estimates varying by 400 years, but its duration is agreed to have been around 200 years.
LGM: Last Glacial Maximum
The gradual warming since the Last Glacial Maximum (27,000 to 24,000 years BP) has been interrupted by two cold spells: the Older Dryas and the Younger Dryas (c. 12,900–11,650 BP). |
|