OG2020每日閱讀訓練練習D23

Pistachio_lin

Hi 大家好，閱讀打卡訓練第23天。





舊題複習, 複習打卡訓練D18天的部分。
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1387511-1-1.html


Passage:

Micro-wear patterns found on the teeth of long-extinct specimens of the primate species australopithecine may provide evidence about their diets. For example, on the basis of tooth micro-wear patterns, Walker dismisses Jolly's hypothesis that australopithecines ate hard seeds. He also disputes Szalay's suggestion that the heavy enamel of australopithecine teeth is an adaptation to bone crunching, since both seed cracking and bone crunching produce distinctive micro-wear characteristics on teeth. His conclusion that australopithecines were frugivores (fruit eaters) is based upon his observation that the tooth micro-wear characteristics of east African australopithecine specimens are indistinguishable from those of chimpanzees and orangutans, which are commonly assumed to be frugivorous primates.

However, research on the diets of contemporary primates suggests that micro-wear studies may have limited utility in determining the foods that are actually eaten. For example, insect eating, which can cause distinct micro-wear patterns, would not cause much tooth abrasion in modern baboons, who eat only soft-bodied insects rather than hard-bodied insects. In addition, the diets of current omnivorous primates vary considerably depending on the environments that different groups within a primate species inhabit; if australopithecines were omnivores too, we might expect to find considerable population variation in their tooth micro-wear patterns. Thus, Walker's description of possible australopithecine diets may need to be expanded to include a much more diverse diet.




Main structure  - Relationship of micro-wear and the diets.

• <A> Micro-wear patterns may provide evidence about their diets.
  

• 
  
  • Subset: how micro-wear patterns provide evidence and what
  • <A-1> Australopithecines did not eat hard seeds: (Walker dismisses Jolly's hypothesis: australopithecines ate hard seeds. - "dismiss")
    
    
    
    
    
    • <A-2> Australopithecines did not eat bone and did seed cracking. (He also disputes Szalay's suggestion that the heavy enamel of australopithecine teeth is an adaptation to bone crunching, since both seed cracking and bone crunching produce distinctive micro-wear characteristics on teeth.)
    • <A-3> Australopithecines were frugivores. (His conclusion that australopithecines were frugivores (fruit eaters) is based upon his observation that the tooth micro-wear characteristics of east African australopithecine specimens are indistinguishable from those of chimpanzees and orangutans, which are commonly assumed to be frugivorous primates.) *Assumption: the micro-wear patterns of chimpanzees were caused only by frugivorouse diets.
    • 
      
    
    
• <B> Micro-wear patterns may have limited utility in determining the foods that are actually eaten. (However, research on the diets of contemporary primates suggests that micro-wear studies may have limited utility in determining the foods that are actually eaten.)
  

• 
  
  • Subset: how micro-wear may not fully reflect the diets actually eaten
  • <B-1> "micro-wear is probably not as a definite result of diets of dinners." Soft-bodied insect do not wear teeth of dinners. (For example, insect eating, which can cause distinct micro-wear patterns, would not cause much tooth abrasion in modern baboons, who eat only soft-bodied insects rather than hard-bodied insects.) CR logic: micro-wear is not representative enough.
  • <B-2> The reference group may have great variances. (In addition, the diets of current omnivorous primates vary considerably depending on the environments that different groups within a primate species inhabit; if australopithecines were omnivores too, we might expect to find considerable population variation in their tooth micro-wear patterns.)
  • <B-3> Conclusion derived by using micro-wear patterns needs to be explanded. (Thus, Walker's description of possible australopithecine diets may need to be expanded to include a much more diverse diet.)
    
    

Question:


1. According to the passage, Walker and Szalay disagree on which of the following points?

• The function of the heavy enamel on australopithecine teeth <A-2./ key word "dispute">
  

2. The passage suggests that Walker's research indicated which of the following about australopithecine teeth?

• They lacked micro-wear characteristics associated with seed eating and bone crunching <A-1 + A-2; dimiss + dispute other hypothesis>
  

3. The passage suggests that which of the following would be true of studies of tooth micro-wear patterns conducted on modern baboons?

• They would inadequately reflect the extent to which some baboons consume certain types of insects.  <B-1>
  

4. The passage suggests which of the following about the micro-wear patterns found on the teeth of omnivorous primates?

• The patterns may differ among groups within a species depending on the environment within which a particular group lives. <B-2>
  

5. It can be inferred from the passage that if studies of tooth micro-wear patterns were conducted on modern baboons, which of the following would most likely be true of the results obtained?

• The results would provide an accurate indication of the absence of some kinds of insects from the baboons' diet. <B-1>
  

6. It can be inferred from the passage that Walker's conclusion about the australopithecine diet would be called into question under which of the following circumstances?

• Orangutans are found to have a much broader diet than is currently recognized. <A-3; attacking the assumption>
  

7. The author of the passage mentions the diets of baboons and other living primates most likely in order to

• illustrate some of the limitations of using tooth micro-wear patterns to draw definitive conclusions about a group's diet <unber B structure>
  

以上分析，還請有想法的大大們不吝分享。 謝謝。