【揽瓜阁6.0】Day6 2021.03.13【自然科学-天文、人类】

Oxcheng2022

Day 6
阅读时间：6min
分析时间：20min

Might there soon be a supernova near Earth?
1.总结文章中心大意
天文学家指出，B这颗星星也许将成为下一个supernova，虽然这是一个random的时间，但是早晚会爆炸（所以作者的观点是：不确定是否即将发生，但是早晚会发生）

2.总结分论点或每段段落大意
（1）-（2）background：introduce B星星，在过去几周中，天文学家发现B这颗星星precipitously dimmer（暗淡了），于是猜测这颗星星是否“到时间”了？（这边有个逻辑推理，因为B燃烧快，所以寿命短：10m years）
（3）-（5）about supernova：介绍了supernova的形成；supernova很久才会形成一次，不可预测；天文学家从来没有用现代仪器观测到过supernova

（6）-（8）B星星will be a supernova：但是肯定的是B即将成为supernova，但是这个时间未知。这是一个random的事件，天文学家会持续关注，B早晚会爆炸（转折：中间讲了很多不确定性的因素和可能性）

3.摘抄印象深刻或者觉得优美的句子
Sometimes these hotspots are ejected into space, leaving relatively cooler and dimmer areas behind on the star’s surface, and reducing the magnitude of its output of light.（ing 表因果，平行结构）

Various cycles like this operate within Betelgeuse, with periods ranging from a few hundred Earth days to several thousand.

4.总结文章中的生词
precipitously dimmer：陡然暗淡
Span： 跨度（时间概念）
Betelgeuse：猎户座α星
Orion：猎户星座
constellation：星群
celestial equator：天球赤道
stretch beyond ：延伸
 inward：向内的
armoury of：军械库
electromagnetic, gravitational and neutrino：电子、重力、中微子
 bear on ：瞄准，对什么有影响
churning：搅拌
magnitude：大小，程度
pulses up and down：脉冲上下
postpones：推迟

Volume of the human brain

6min
20min
1.总结文章中心大意
研究人员发现人类的大脑体积相比原始时期缩小了。大脑缩小的原因解释。（两种假设，第一种假设被推翻了；第二种plausible，所以没有准确的答案）
2.总结分论点或每段段落大意
（1）background：从史前社会开始，人的大脑体积就开始逐渐缩小。举例C这种史前人，脑子和身材都比现代人大（大脑和肌肉是成比例的）
（2）转折：两者不成比例。论据1：骨骼测试显示人类大脑的缩小的速度要大于肌肉。论据2：基因测试再次验证该假设。人类学家认为人类在农耕时期比hunt时期大脑受到更小的生存压力（物竞天择）转折：但是人脑的缩小任何社会下都发生了
（3）提出一个更似是而非的假设：人们的基因改变了，逐渐自我驯化，变得没有那么aggressive。论据1：体型特征；论据2:建立社交联系。这种基因的变化也是一种社会选择，并且很容易传播

3.摘抄印象深刻或者觉得优美的句子
4.总结文章中的生词
unintentionally domesticated :无意中驯化了自己
flatter face：谄媚的脸
plausible：似是而非的，貌似真实的

jiajiajiayi

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N0ire

Day 6 打卡！

vivianjy

第一篇：
主旨：Betelgeuse或成为下一个supernova。即使现在暗淡只是周期内，但是迟早会爆炸

简单介绍betelgeuse
Betelgeuse比太阳亮的两个原因。结论将比太阳早死。天文学家观察到急剧变暗：引发本文观点could this be a signal that Betelgeuse’s time has come?

引出supernova 超新星：星核反应结束后，为引力主场，核心毁灭
天文学家用各种方式研究超新星爆炸。举例sn1987a

Betelgeuse将成为超新星原因 star’s brightness/hotspots on its surface.
反驳：Betelgeuse是 semi-regular variable star。
光亮改变大小。表面积越大需要释放更多光。各种周期从几百到几千。
现在在周期中，又亮了起来但是Betelgeuse最终迟早有一天会爆炸。


supergiant star超巨星
Orion猎户座
celestial equator天赤道
precipitously dimmer急剧变暗
inward向内的
magnitude震级
semi-regular variable star半规则变星

第二篇
观点：自史前时代，脑容量明显减少。
削弱观点：
一些科学家反驳：脑容量收缩了，但在同一时期人体质量也在递减
解释：大型动物需要大脑控制大量的肌肉组织，史前人类肌肉组织比现代人多，但是他们的大脑比现代人大，因此他们的脑容量与体质量的比和我们是一致

增强观点：
然而，骨骼测量展示了脑容量比体质量缩减的快；
基因分析也同时揭示，基因变异影响大脑的发展和认知。人类学家：农业狩猎社会人对认知需求小，减少了来自自然选择的压力。
但是在人类进程中的每个社会，脑容量收缩是都在发生的。

合理的假设：人类的祖先无意间驯化了自己


Prehistoric times史前时代
Shrinkage收缩率
Cognition 认识
Plausible 合理的
Unintentionally无意间
Provoke惹
integration一体化
retention保留

jujujujujudy

Might there soon be a supernova near Earth?

Main Idea
This article talked about astronomers expect B to be the next supernova near Earth.

论点/段落大意
P1-P2:
Background story of Betaleguese
B is getting dimmer in the past few weeks; could this be a signal that B’s time has come? (最后一句话引出下一段的内容)

P3: Explain why scientists think that B’s time has come to an end.

P4-P5
Discuss what a supernova will look like from earth.
Astronomers are very excited for this opportunity to use their observatories to study the final moments of star B. (最后一句话跟下一段做连接，解释了为什么他们这么激动想要看B,因为以前他们错过了亚)

P6: Explain how soon that B is destined to become a supernova. Note that “soon” in astronomical terms range from today to 100,000 years’ time.

P7: Explore some other factors that cause the decreased brightness of B in the recent weeks. → Perhaps B is not going to become supernova so soon as astronomers expected.

P8: Next steps for astronomers

印象深刻/优美句子
Betelgeuse is a red supergiant star in Orion, a prominent constellation that spans the celestial equator.

生词
Is destined to.. - v. 一定，注定
orion - n. 猎户座
Constellation -n. 星座/宿
celestial equator - n.天体赤道
Unprecedented - adj. 前所未有的
imminent - adj. About to happen
Catastrophe - n. Diaster 浩劫
precipitously adv. 陡峭地；出乎意料地；陡然地
armoury - n. 兵工厂，军械库
Great Collapsing Hrung Disaster 大崩塌的灾难

阅读时间：3:22 mins
总结时间：25 mins
总时间: 30 mins

Volume of the human brain

Main Idea
Why the volume of the human brain has shrunk since prehistoric times.

论点/段落大意

P1:
第一句总结: The average volume of the human brain has decreased significantly. 第一个观点：Scientists argue that the shrinkage reflects diminishing human body mass during that period
Argue -- indicate that there will be a different opinion in the following paragraph or sentence

P2:
However → 观点跟之前不同了。第二个观点出现
Skeletal measurements show that brain volume shrank faster than body mass. （用数据打脸科学家）Genetic mutation and decreased survival instinct also contribute the shrinkage of brain.

P3:
More explanation: our human ancestors unintentionally domesticated themselves.
The rule of natural selection may cause simple genetic changes and thus make retention of certain juvenile features into adulthood.
More -- same point of view as the previous paragraph

印象深刻/优美句子
The musculature of the prehistoric modern humans knowns as Cro-Magnoes wa greater than ours, but their brains were larger than ours and thus their ratio of brain volume to body mass roughly equaled ours.

生词
musculature - n. 肌肉组织
Speculate - v. 推测 assume

阅读时间：1:56 mins
总结时间：20 mins
总时间: 22 mins

Charlotte50

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半日大哥

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dakala

HiEdison

第一篇（4mins40s+25mins）
Main Idea: Betelgeuse is going to die: the introduction of Betelgeuse, its death, and its correlation with the earth
Sub-points:
P1-2. What is Betelgeuse: a very bright supergiant star that might die soon (getting dimmer).
P3. What will happen if Betelgeuse dies: the core collapses, the star was destroyed in an explosion called a supernova
P4. Earth & The death of Betelgeuse: Betelgeuse can be seen in the daytime for weeks; astronauts will be able to observe it with advanced tech
P5. Another supernova (the closest one seen in the telescope)
P6-7. Additional info of Betelgeuse: is certain to die in an uncertain time; in its surface are hotspots which are ejected into space
P8. Astronomers will continue watching it and expect it to brighten up

Vocabulary:
constellation 星座
celestial equator 天球赤道 (WIKI: celestial equator is the great circle in which the plane of the terrestrial Equator intersects the celestial sphere; it consequently is equidistant from the celestial poles.)
precipitously 出乎意料地，陡然地
armory 军工厂，军械库
electromagnetic 电磁的
gravitational 重力的
neutrino 中微子
churning adj.旋涡；v.搅拌

Collections：
For astronomers, it would be an unprecedented opportunity to use their armoury of observatories—electromagnetic, gravitational and neutrino—to study the final moments of a star, close-up, as it collapses. 【armoury of observatories 这个表达还蛮妙的；此外 在考gmat的过程中也越发喜欢破折号这种表述方式了，很简洁清晰】

第二篇（3mins+20mins）
Main Idea:
avg volume of the human brain↓ and its cause analysis (one bad one good)

Sub-points:
P1. Introduce a phenomenon: avg volume of the human brain↓; tho brain volume decreased, but the ratio (brain/body mass) roughly equals
P2. But!! brain volume ↓>body mass↓; <--Cause Analysis No1.: less cognitively demanding (author disapproves, b/c all types of society underwent shrinkage)
P3. Cause Analysis No 2.:domesticated↑-->aggressive and conflicts↓ -->reproductive success in cooperation↑. domestic mammals have smaller brains, reflecting changes (juvenile -->adulthood) spread by selective pressures (author accepts)

Vocabulary:
mutation （生物物种的）变异，突变
gracefully slender builds 优雅纤细的身体构造（吧）

Complex Sentence:
All these characteristics may reflect simple genetic changes causing retention of certain juvenile features into adulthood – changes easily spread by selective pressures.
Analysis: "these characteristics" refer to “less aggressive, smaller brains, flatter faces, smaller teeth, more gracefully slender builds"
蹲蹲同学的答案：为啥要提retention of certain juvenile features into adulthood呢

可能的出题点：
Why decreasing cognitively is not plausible? （P2最后一句，因为all types of society underwent shrinkage）
What is the function of the last sentence? （全文最后一句，但我也没想明白为啥要提retention of certain juvenile features into adulthood）