【每日逻辑训练营】（第六天）

abbylung

1- 1
答案：C
时间：
逻辑链：
P 新公司来自两部分，一是旧公司提供的新工作，而是新公司提供的新工
C 旧公司提供的新工作比去年少，如果今年成立的新公司少，今天新工作数不会破纪录

方向：今年成立的新公司少，但提供了超过去年的新工作数呢？

A.
B.
C. 正确，今年成立的新公司，每个公司不会提供大量的工作
D.
E.  

1- 2
答案：E
时间：1'57
逻辑链：
P 有的酒不会放硫化物，对硫化物过敏的人可以喝
C

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.  酒不会自然而然的产生硫化物，正确

1- 3
答案：E
时间：2'12
逻辑链：
P 政府给的钱增多了
C 老人手上的钱并没有增多

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.  孩子给的钱减少了，正确

1- 4
答案：D
时间：1'46
逻辑链：
P
C 减少一半的垃圾，就是减少一半的灰烬？

A.
B.
C.
D. 垃圾不会产生更多的灰烬，正确
E.  

1- 5
答案：A
时间：1'58
逻辑链：
P 油画不会被温度湿度影响
C 可以放宽标准，省钱

A.  文艺复兴的画被创造，在温度和湿度范围更大
B.
C.
D.
E.  

1- 6
答案：D
时间：1'22
逻辑链：
P 人数一样，总钱Y比Z花得多
C Y的工资比Z高

可能Y的工资比Z低，但Y其他工资更多

A.
B.
C.
D. Y和Z的加班都很少，说明两公司加班工资都没有，正确，加强
E.  

1- 7
答案：E
时间：2'22
逻辑链：
P 有潮汐，螃蟹没有B
C 没有潮汐，螃蟹也没有B

为什么？原因肯定不是潮汐，那是什么原因呢？

A.
B.
C.
D.
E. 小螃蟹一年换几次壳，  

1- 8
答案：B
时间：1'41
逻辑链：
F1 香烟增长3.4%
F2 嚼烟增长18%
F3 人口增长5%

A.
B. 人均消耗香烟下降了，正确
C.
D.
E.  

1- 9
答案：E
时间：2'29
逻辑链：
P F喝酒比US多，F心脏病比US少
C F喝酒变少，US喝酒变多，为什么心脏病人数差没减少

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.  F年轻人喝酒减少，但知道中年才知道得不得心脏病

1- 10
答案：B
时间：1'34
逻辑链：

方向：肯定与达到成熟的年龄有关

A.
B. 正确
C.
D.
E.  

cgvmc

6-1
时间：1‘45
premise：去年D开设大量新工作由于大量创业公司建立和以前建立的公司开设新岗位，今年那些以前建立的公司就不增加和去年一样的岗位了
conclusion：因此除非有新设公司，否则D不能打破开设岗位数量记录
问假设
A：无关
B：跟找工作的人数无关
C：correct
D：与利润无关
E：无关

6-2
时间：1’52
premise：有些人对亚硫酸盐过敏，包括大部分加进葡萄酒里面的防腐剂
conclusion：一些酒生产厂家不加亚硫酸盐，那些爱喝酒又过敏的人就不会过敏风险
问假设
A：无关
B：与形式无关
C：无关
D：跟其他物质无关
E：correct

6-3
时间：1‘38
premise：R政府给65岁以上的老人增加20%的养老金，通货膨胀不值一提，增加的养老金能被准时收到
conclusion：但是财务上他们比增加前
没好到哪去，问原因
A：不能解释原因
B：无关
C：无关
D：无关
E：correct

6-4
时间：2’53
premise：焚烧产生了很多灰，为了减少这些灰的量到去年的一半要把灰收集起来
conclusion：减少truckload的量到去年的一半
A：
B：与成本无关
C：
D：correct
E：

6-5
时间：1‘35
premise：为了保护文艺复兴时期的油画，博物馆要求控制周围的温湿度，这需要花很多钱，最近研究表明老油画不受温湿度变化影响
conclusion：博物馆可以放松标准省钱了
问假设
A：无关
B：无关
C：与其他博物馆藏品无关
D：correct
E：无关

6-6
时间：1’51
premise：Y和Z小时工数量相同，但Y每年支付工资平均花费更多
conclusion：预判是Y的高薪小时工更多
A：
B：
C：直接选了C
D：
E：

6-7
时间：3‘04
premise：juvenile horseshoe crabs frequestly burrow in sand to withstand tidal currents；burrowing discourages barnacles from clinging to juvie's shells；fully grown horseshoe crabs can readily withstand tidal currents without burrowing and therefore acquire substancial populations of barnacles
conclusion： in areas where tidal currents are very weak, juvenile horseshoe crabs are found not to have significant barnacle populations, even though they seldom burrow.
A：无关
B：无关
C：无关
D：无关
E：correct

6-8
时间：1’32
premise：烟消费增加3.4%，烟草收入增加18%，人口增加5%
A：不知成本，不能知道利润
B：correct
C：未知不抽烟的人
D：未知利润
E：未知

6-9
时间：1‘49
premise：高饱和脂肪增加心脏病风险，喝红酒能减少这个风险，法国饱和脂肪消费和美国一样多，但法国发病少因为红酒消费多，但是缩小红酒消费差异后，心脏病发病率并没有趋同
问原因
A：无关
B：无关
C：无关
D：与吸烟无关
E：correct

6-10
时间：2’56
premise： If the group faces excessive hunting, individuals that reach reproductive maturity earlier will come to predominate.
conclusion： it should be possible to determine whether prehistoric mastodons became extinct because of food scarcity or human hunting, since there are fossilized mastodon remains from both before and after mastodon populations declined,
A：无关
B：correct
C：无关
D：无关
E：无关

7878wu78

total: 19'08
6-1 With a record number of new companies starting up in Derderia, and with previously established companies adding many new jobs, a record number of new jobs were created last year in the Derderian economy. This year, previously established companies will not be adding as many new jobs overall as such companies added last year. Therefore, unless a record number of companies start up this year, Derderia will not break its record for new jobs created.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?
A.        In a given year, new companies starting up create more new jobs on average than do previously established companies. （如果新公司数量更多，那么很有可能破纪录）
B.        The number of people seeking employment is no larger this year than it was last year. （和求职者无关）
C.        This year, the new companies starting up will not provide substantially more jobs per company than did new companies last year. （新老都降的话，今年的总量就不会超过去年）
D.        Previously established companies in Derderia will be less profitable this year than such companies were last year. （和是否赚钱无关）
E.        The number of jobs created in the Derderian economy last year was substantially larger than the number of jobs lost. （就业和失业对比，无关比较）
P: 去年新工作数量破纪录；今年老公司添加的新工作没有去年多
C: 除非新公司成立破纪录，否则很难破去年新工作数量的记录
思路：如果今年总体比去年低说明老新公司两者都是总体比去年低
6-2 Many people suffer an allergic reaction to certain sulfites, including those that are commonly added to wine as preservatives.  However, since there are several wine makers who add sulfites to none of the wines they produce, people who would like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink wines produced by these wine makers without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A.      These wine makers have been able to duplicate the preservative effect produced by adding sulfites by means that do not involve adding any potentially allergenic substances to their wine. （和其他物质无关）
B.      Not all forms of sulfite are equally likely to produce the allergic reactions.
C.      Wine is the only beverage to which sulfites are commonly added. （Only过于绝对，和酒是否是唯一普遍都加S无关）
D.     Apart from sulfites, there are no substances commonly present in wine that give rise to an allergic reaction. (和其他物质无关，这里的重点是S的过敏)
E.      Sulfites are not naturally present in the wines produced by these wine makers in amounts large enough to produce an allergic reaction in someone who drinks these wines. （排除他因，说明在没有人为添加的情况下是不会产生S）
P:酒里面不加S
C:对S过敏的可以不用担心喝酒而产生过敏




6-3 Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
Concerned about financial well-being of its elderly citizens, the government of Runagia decided two years ago to increase by 20 percent the government-provided pension paid to all Runagians over 65.  Inflation in the intervening period has been negligible, and the increase has been duly received by all eligible Runagians.  Nevertheless, many of them are no better off financially than they were before the increase, in large part because ________.
A.      They rely entirely on the government pension for their income （如果全部依赖政府那么生活应该会更好）
B.      Runagian banks are so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks to cash a pension check （和banks无关）
C.      They buy goods whose prices tend to rise especially fast in times of inflation （和前提相违背）
D.     The pension was increased when the number of elderly Runagians below the poverty level reached an all-time high （这个pension inrease是给所有的老人）
E.      In Runagia children typically supplement the income of elderly parents, but only by enough to provide them with a comfortable living （说明老人的总收入不变，当一个变量增加时，另外一个变量就相对减少了）
前提：inflation无关，每个有资格的都收到了
P：increase pension,本该可以better off
C: 但是并没有better off
思路：解释矛盾本该变好但是却不变，会不会是其实老人的总收入没有变

6-4 Last year all refuse collected by Shelbyville city services was incinerated.  This incineration generated a large quantity of residue ash.  In order to reduce the amount of residue ash Shelbyville generates this year to half of last year’s total, the city has revamped its collection program.  This year city services will separate for recycling enough refuse to reduce the number of truckloads of refuse to be incinerated to half of last year’s number.  
Which of the following is required for the revamped collection program to achieve its aim?
A.      This year, no materials that city services could separate for recycling will be incinerated. （被separate不焚烧，separate不了焚烧，重复条件）
B.      Separating recyclable materials from materials to be incinerated will cost Shelbyville less than half what it cost last year to dispose of the residue ash. （和cost无关）
C.      Refuse collected by city services will contain a larger proportion of recyclable materials this year than it did last year. （这样的话灰就更多了）
D.     The refuse incinerated this year will generate no more residue ash per truckload incinerated than did the refuse incinerated last year. （车辆减少一半，每个卡车燃烧的灰不变，那么总量就会减少一半）
E.      The total quantity of refuse collected by Shelbyville city services this year will be no greater than that collected last year. （讨论的是焚烧的垃圾的灰减半，和垃圾总量无关）
G: reduce ash to half
P: 运废品的卡车数量减少一半








6-5 When storing Renaissance oil paintings, museums conform to standards that call for careful control of the surrounding temperature and humidity, with variations confined within narrow margins. Maintaining this environment is very costly, and recent research shows that even old oil paint is unaffected by wide fluctuations in temperature and humidity. Therefore, museums could relax their standards and save money without endangering their Renaissance oil paintings.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A.        Renaissance paintings were created in conditions involving far greater fluctuations in temperature and humidity than those permitted by current standards. （无关比较）
B.        Under the current standards that museums use when storing Renaissance oil paintings, those paintings do not deteriorate at all. （不确定之后会不会有损害）
C.        Museum collections typically do not contain items that are more likely to be vulnerable to fluctuations in temperature and humidity than Renaissance oil paintings. （扩大讨论范围）
D.        None of the materials in Renaissance oil paintings other than the paint are vulnerable enough to relatively wide fluctuations in temperature and humidity to cause damage to the paintings. （排除他因）
E.        Most Renaissance oil paintings are stored in museums located in regions near the regions where the paintings were created. （和地点无关）
6-6 Which of the following most logically completes the argument?
Yorco and Zortech are two corporations that employ large numbers of full-time workers who are paid by the hour.  Publicly available records indicate that Yorco employs roughly the same number of such hourly wage workers as Zortech does but spends a far higher total sum per year on wages for such workers.  Therefore, hourly wages must be higher, on average, at Yorco than at Zortech, since _____.
A.        Zortech spends a higher total sum per year than Yorco does to provide its hourly wage workers with benefits other than wages
B.        the work performed by hourly wage workers at Zortech does not require a significantly higher level of skill than the work performed by hourly wage workers at Yorco does
C.        the proportion of all company employees who are hourly wage workers is significantly greater at Yorco than it is at Zortech
D.        overtime work, which is paid at a substantially higher rate than work done during the regular work week, is rare at both Yorco and Zortech （保证了工作时间一样，排除他因）
E.        the highest hourly wages paid at Yorco are higher than the highest hourly wages paid at Zortech
P: Y and Z 有相等数量的小时工，Y工资总数比Z多
C：Y的小时工资比Z高，因为…
思路：人数*工作时长*时薪=工资总数

6-7 In order to withstand tidal currents, juvenile horseshoe crabs frequently burrow in the sand. Such burrowing discourages barnacles from clinging to their shells. When fully grown, however, the crabs can readily withstand tidal currents without burrowing, and thus they acquire substantial populations of barnacles. Surprisingly, in areas where tidal currents are very weak, juvenile horseshoe crabs are found not to have significant barnacle populations, even though they seldom burrow.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the surprising finding?
A.        Tidal currents do not themselves dislodge barnacles from the shells of horseshoe crabs. （海藻应该更多，但是结果相反）
B.        Barnacles most readily attach themselves to horseshoe crabs in areas where tidal currents are weakest. （这样的话，海藻应该更多，仍是不能解释原因）
C.        The strength of the tidal currents in a given location varies widely over the course of a day. （和海潮时间无关）
D.        A very large barnacle population can significantly decrease the ability of a horseshoe crab to find food. （找食物无关）
E.        Until they are fully grown, horseshoe crabs shed their shells and grow new ones several times a year. （说明小蟹每年会脱壳，这样就会使得海藻不会一直在他们身上）
P: 小蟹钻洞海藻少，大蟹不钻还海藻多
P: 在小蟹很少钻洞的时候身上的海藻也没有还多
思路：解释原本应该上升但是却不变的原因
6-8 From 1973 to 1976, total United States consumption of cigarettes increased 3.4 percent, and total sales of chewing tobacco rose 18.0 percent. During the same period, total United States population increased 5.0 percent.
If the statements above are true, which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn?
A.        United States manufacturers of tobacco products had higher profits in 1976 than in 1973.
B.        Per capita consumption of cigarettes in the United States was lower in 1976 than in 1973. （和d4的fish还有poultry一样）
C.        The proportion of nonsmokers in the United States population dropped slightly between 1973 and 1976.
D.        United States manufacturers of tobacco products realize a lower profit on cigarettes than on chewing tobacco.
E.        A large percentage of United States smokers switched from cigarettes to chewing tobacco between 1973 and 1976.







6-9 A diet high in saturated fats increases a person’s risk of developing heart disease. Regular consumption of red wine reduces that risk. Per-capita consumption of saturated fats is currently about the same in France as in the United States, but there is less heart disease there than in the United States because consumption of red wine is higher in France. The difference in regular red-wine consumption has been narrowing, but no similar convergence in heart-disease rates has occurred.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to account for the lack of convergence noted above?
A.        Consumption of saturated fats is related more strongly to the growth of fatty deposits on artery walls, which reduce blood flow to the heart, than it is to heart disease directly. （解释fat consumption无关）
B.        Over the past 30 years, per-capita consumption of saturated fats has remained essentially unchanged in the United States but has increased somewhat in France.  （和过去无关）
C.        Reports of the health benefits of red wine have led many people in the United States to drink red wine regularly. （喝酒人更多应该减少差距）
D.        Cigarette smoking, which can also contribute to heart disease, is only slightly more common in France than in the United States. （偷换概念）
E.        Regular consumption of red wine is declining dramatically among young adults in France, and heart disease typically does not manifest itself until middle age. （说明只是年轻人的喝酒量减少了导致了两者的差异减少，但是心脏病都是在中年时期出现的，解释了本该减少却不变的原因）
P: red wine consumption的差异减少
C: 但是两者患心脏病的概率差没有缩减
思路：解释本该减少的差距为什么现在没有减少

6-10 Which of the following most logically completes the reasoning?
Either food scarcity or excessive hunting can threaten a population of animals. If the group faces food scarcity, individuals in the group will reach reproductive maturity later than otherwise. If the group faces excessive hunting, individuals that reach reproductive maturity earlier will come to predominate. Therefore, it should be possible to determine whether prehistoric mastodons became extinct because of food scarcity or human hunting, since there are fossilized mastodon remains from both before and after mastodon populations declined, and ______.
A.        there are more fossilized mastodon remains from the period before mastodon populations began to decline than from after that period
B.        the average age at which mastodons from a given period reached reproductive maturity can be established from their fossilized remains （这里讨论的就是通过化石来判断平均的生殖成熟时间）
C.        it can be accurately estimated from fossilized remains when mastodons became extinct
D.        it is not known when humans first began hunting mastodons
E.        climate changes may have gradually reduced the food available to mastodons
P: 食物少，生殖成熟慢；打猎多，生殖成熟快
C:?

_Salaxy_

6-1 C
·时间：1'44
·逻辑链：预测结果
        P：去年有许多新岗位；今年，老公司将不会增加像去年一样多的新岗位。
        C：除非今年有许多新成立的公司，不然D不可能打破新岗位记录
        目标：即使今年没有许多新成立的公司，D也有可能打破新岗位记录。
·选项
        A:取反无法削弱
        B:找工作的人的多少和最后雇主提供新岗位的数量无关
        C:√今年新成立的公司将会提供比去年更多的新岗位
        D:公司盈利与否与打破新岗位记录无关
        E:新岗位和取消的岗位之间数量的多少与目标无关

6-2 E
·时间：1'43
·逻辑链：
        P:很多人对s过敏；很多酒中加入s作为保存剂；有酒商不在酒中加s
        C:因为就上没有加入S，所以人们喝酒不会产生对s的过敏
        目标:即使没有加入s，人们喝酒也会产生对s的过敏
·选项
        A:与人们是否会过敏无关
        B:题目说的是不加s，讨论s形式产生反应的可能性相等与否与目标无关
        C:与是否过敏无关
        D:讨论的是对s过敏，而不是过敏反应这个大的范围
        E:√

6-3 B
·时间：2'10
·逻辑链：
        P：两年前政府决定将超过65岁的老人的养老金提高20%；通膨忽视；但很多老人的收入并没有比之前的高多少。
·选项
        A:无法说明
        B:√人太多，一个人要花至少三周才能取到养老金。
        C:无法说明
        D:无法说明
        E:无法说明

6-4
·时间：1'59
·逻辑链：
        goal：减少垃圾焚烧量到去年的一半
        plan：分类回收垃圾
·选项
        A:削弱无关
        B:无关成本
        C:无关内部组成
        D:√
        E:与总量无关

6-5 D
·时间：1'56
·逻辑链：
        P：老油画不会被温度和湿度变化所影响
        C：美术馆不需要保持高标准来保护这些画
·选项
        A:和早期环境无关
        B:和现在条件的变化无关
        C:和其他馆藏无关
        D:√
        E:和位置无关

6-6 D
·时间：1'54
·逻辑链：
        p:Y和Z工人数量相同，Y发的总薪酬更高
        c:因为Y发的总薪酬更高，所以Y平均薪酬更高
·选项
        A:无关其他福利
        B:无关
        C:重复
        D:√补足gap
        E:无关比较

6-7 D
·时间：2'22
·逻辑链：有潮汐时burrowing减少B，没有burrowing有B；JH在别的情况也不需要B
·选项
        A:无关
        B:加强
        C:无关tidal
        D:√
        E:与JH本身无关

6-8
·时间：2'00
·逻辑链：香烟消费增长3.4，tabacco增长18，人口增长5
·选项
        A:消费与利润无关
        B:人均消费降低了
        C:不吸引比例降低 无关
        D:无关利润高低
        E:无关

6-9 E
·时间：2'24
·逻辑链：摄入大量sf会提高心脏病风险；经常喝红酒可降低风险；法和美国人摄入差不多，梁国家喝红酒人数差距减小，但为什么心脏病没减少。矛盾点
·选项
        A:无法解释
        B:无法解释
        C:无关
        D:无关
        E:不到中年很少患病

6-10 B
·时间：1'58
·逻辑链：很少的食物或者过度捕杀都会动物数量有影响；少食物导致繁殖期骗完，多捕杀导致偏早；
C：根据化石判断M灭绝
·选项
        A:化石本身的时间无关
        B:√
        C:死亡节点无关
        D:人类的扑杀时间无关
        E:无关

麦小仙女

6-1 C 1'40''

去年：新成立公司的数量和新工作的数量都较多

今年：之前成立的公司今年不会像去年一样新增很多新的工作机会

结论：除非有很多新公司成立，否则今年新工作数量不如去年的多

预测假设：工作/公司不会比去年多

6-2 E 1’05’’

很多人对S过敏，如果不在酒里添加S，就可以饮用

预测假设：除非酒里本身不含S

6-3 D 3'00''

根据“Inflationin the intervening period has been negligible, and the increase has been dulyreceived by all eligible Runagians.”排除BC

6-4 D 2’30’’

plan: separatefor recycling

goal:降低theamount of residue ash this year

B：cost和目的无关

C：无关

E：总量无关

6-5 D 3’00’’

在store Renaissanceoil paintings时，美术馆严格控制温度和湿度，但成本很高。最近发现即使是很老的oil painting也不会受到温度和湿度变化的影响。

premise：？（Renaissance oil paintings和普通的oil paiting没有区别）

结论：美术馆可以放宽要求。

B：无关

6-6 D 1’40’’

Y和Z雇佣全职员工，按小时付工资。Y和Z雇佣的员工数一样多，但是Y支付的总工资更多。所以Y平均每小时的工资肯定比Z高。

前提:没有其他特殊计费不一样（如加班费）

6-7 D 2’40’’

在 tidal currents情况下，小寄居蟹通常藏在沙子里；但长大后就不需要，因为它们可以承受tidal currents，从而可以获得很多barnacles

矛盾点：但在weak tidal currents下，小寄居蟹没有藏在沙子里，却没有获得很多barnacles

B：加剧矛盾

ACE：无关

6-8 B 30’’

population增速比烟的消费量增速快，则人均消费量降低

6-9 B 2’45’’

摄入饱和脂肪会增加得心脏病的几率，但喝红酒可以有效降低心脏病得病率。美国和法国目前的人均饱和脂肪摄入量一样，但是美国得心脏病的人少，因为美国红酒消费量更高。

矛盾点：两国红酒消费量正在接近，但是得心脏病的几率却没有接近。

B：过去30年，美国的饱和脂肪摄入量不变，而法国的在增加。说明法国的红酒消费量虽然增加，但饱和脂肪摄入也在增加。

E:法国喝红酒的年轻人减少，则说明老年人喝红酒的增加，那么得心脏病的人应该减少才对→加剧矛盾

ACD排除

6-10 B 1’35’’

动物灭绝可能因为food scarcity或excessivehunting，前者会让 reproductive maturity延后，后者会让  reproductive maturity提前

所以通过化石可以判断动物灭绝的具体原因——需要和reproductivematurity相关